When McMurphy returns to the ward, he puts on a good show of being his old self, but the others can see that he is not. The Chief sees a tired resignation in his face, almost desperate. He is waiting to die. And Harding, talking with McMurphy about his pressures of society which have driven the others crazy, tells him that he, too, is now crazy. The strain of his responsibility has been to much for him, and as the patients in his charge grew well, McMurphy became insane in their place. He is mentally unable to go on. When the other inmates arrange his escape, he does not go; he is no longer able to face the outside world. The escape is arranged for the night of the party thrown for Billy Bibbit, who is to lose his virginity to the prostitute Candy Starr, with whom he has fallen in love on the fishing trip. She and another whore sneak onto the ward with bottles of wine and vodka; narcotic cough syrup is stolen from the nurses' station, and the old black watchman, Mr. Turckle, provides a supply of marijuana. Harding realizes the significance of the party; it is the inmates' last fling. There will be no forgiveness for them after this. It is if McMurphy had chosen to push them to the point of decision. Yet he is unable to escape at the end of the party and is caught in the morning, along with the other inmates. The Big Nurse places the blame for the disorder on her ward upon McMurphy. At first, the inmates present a united front against her, but she knows their weakness. She confronts Billy Bibbet with what his mother will think about what he has done, and he breaks down. While he is left alone in the office, he takes a razor and cuts his throat. The Nurse has aroused all his deep, sensitive shame, and he is unable to live with it. When McMurphy is brought back to the ward, he has been lobotomized and is now merely a vegetable. The Chief recognizes that the Nurse wants to use him as a symbol of her continuing authority and he cannot permit this. That night, when he thinks no one is watching, he smothers McMurphy. It is the only way that his victory can be preserved. Scanlon, who has witnessed the murder, helps Chief Bromden escape from the ward and promises to testify to having seen McMurphy alive after the Chief escaped. The hospital has no policy of attempting to recapture runaways, so it is assumed that the Chief will have no difficulty escaping. He lifts the control panel, as McMurphy taught him, and throws it through the barred window. Then he crawls out into the night and sets off southward, following the path of the flock of wild geese he saw through the window, earlier in the novel. The Chief's freedom is an emblem of McMurphy's victory. He has been away a long time, both literally and symbolically. For he is an Indian, the noble savage, the vanishing American who is about to reappear. McMurphy's rejection of the forms of civilized behaviour has given Bromden a new life. And though McMurphy has failed personnally (and, symbolically, his hat is too small for the Chief when he tries it on at the end of the novel), he has succeeded in resurrecting the Chief and the other inmates. Yet there are hints in the novel that the conclusion cannot be termed a total victory for McMurphy's followers. One such hint is the discrepancy in the narration at the beginning of the first part, which may be read to imply that the Chief has been recaptured and brought back to the ward, where is paranoia has returned. Consider, too, the fact that the Chief sets off in the direction I remembered seeing the dog go, toward the highway; this links his fate with that of the dog, which was toward certain destruction. Yet such inconsistencies and ambiguities must be considered as undercurrents, for the novel closes in an optimistic tone, and the reader is left with the clear impression that, despite the dangers, the Chief will escape and will succeed in his new life.
Max Taber A former patient who caused Nurse Ratched trouble. He was dismissed after being made docile by Electro-Shock Therapy
Scanlon A patient with destructive fantasies. The last of McMurphy's followers left on the ward, he assists in the Chief's escape after McMurphy's death. Cheswick McMurphy's most overt follower in his early days on the ward. After McMurphy's begins to yield to authority, Cheswick drowns himself. Martini Exists in a world of delusions; his visions are more real to him than reality
The Lifeguard A former football player who has been committed to the hospital. He explains to McMurphy that commitment means that McMurphy can be released only when the Big Nurse agrees. Doctor Spivey A morphine addict, chosen by the Big Nurse to work on her ward because of his weakness and vulnerability. The Black Boys (Washington, Warren and Geever) Chosen by the Big Nurse as orderlies because of their hostility and strength. They keep order on the ward mainly by threatening the patients. Mr. Turkle An elderly Negro who works as an orderly at night. He is bribed by McMurphy to arrange the party for Candy and Billy Bibbet
Candy Starr A prostitute from Portland; a whore with a heart of gold. Billy Bibbet falls in love with her on the fishing trip. *There are more characters but they have a minor role in the story
Geschreven in het dialect van Wessex. Gaat over de Zweedse held Beowulf en speelt zich af in Denemarken. Koning Hrothgor wordt bedreigd door het monster Grendel, niemand kan het monster doden, maar Beowulf wel. Hij hakt Grendels armen af. De volgende dag komen Grendels moeder en neemt haar zoon mee, Beowulf volgt ze en vermoord ze allebei met een magisch zwaard dat hij vind. Beowulf wordt koning en na 50 jaar komt er een nieuwe draak die Beowulf weer doodt, maar waarbij hij zelf dodelijk gewond raakt. Middle English Period (1066 – 1500) In 1066 wordt Engeland eindelijk één land (eerst waren het kleine staatjes) met als koning the Duke of Normandy (William the Conqueror). Hij ging Engeland organiseren en zette op alle belangrijke plekken in de regering Normandiërs. De officiële taal werd Frans, maar de meeste gedichten bleven Engels. Er ontstond het zogenaamde standaard Engels, geïntroduceerd door Geoffrey Chaucer. Literatuur
Twee soorten gedichten: o Romances: op rijm, met humor, over liefde. Bv de verhalen van King Arthur. o Allegories: vaak symbolisch met een verborgen betekenis en boodschap. Er waren niet veel boeken, alleen Domesday Book over belastingstelsel en Magna Charta over de wetten. Er waren twee soorten toneelstukken die op straat vertoond werden: o Miracle play: over het leven van heiligen
o Mystery play: scènes uit de bijbel
Geoffrey Chaucer 1340 – 1400
Wordt vaak de vader van de Engelse poëzie genoemd. Was een rijke ambtenaar met een goede opleiding. Bekendste verhaal: Canterbury Tales. Chaucer gebruikte vaak verhalen van anderen. Canterbury Tales
Veertien pelgrims gaan samen op pelgrimtocht en vertellen ieder twee verhalen. De pelgrims laten de drie lagen van de samenleving zien: de geestelijkheid, adel en de ‘gewone mensen’. Bekendste verhaal: a Pardoner’s Tale: drie mannen hebben gehoord dat ze onder een boom goud en de dood kunnen vinden. Twee mannen gaan naar de boom toe en één man koopt eerst wijn (met gif) en komt later. Als de man met de wijn terugkomt wordt hij gedood door de andere twee, die daarna samen de vergiftigde wijn drinken. Transition Period (Barron Age) Was overgang naar de Renaissance. Engeland had de Honderd jarige oorlog met Frankrijk (1337-1453) en de War of Roses (1455-1485). Literatuur: Waren vaak liedjes en nog steeds anoniem. Bv Sir Patrick Spens. In proza was alleen Sir Thomas Malory belangrijk, hij vertelde de verhalen van King Arthur opnieuw. Toneelstukken: er kwam een derde genre bij, Morality plays: leren een morele les
Arthurian Liturature
De verhalen van King Arthur waren belangrijk voor Frankrijk en Engeland. Het was een romance met als hoofdthema oorlog en liefde. Twee van de belangrijkste boeken over King Arthur: Le Morte d’Arthur (1485): door Thomas Malory. Arthuur werd opgevoed door Sir Ector en kwam er door een zwaard uit een steen te trekken achter dat hij koning was. Hij trouwde Guinevere en kreeg van haar de ronde tafel/ Hij had één zoon, Mordred, die hij had gekregen met zijn halfzus. Mordred nam de troon over toen Arthuur naar Frankrijk ging, zonder dat Arthuur dat wist. Toen de twee het later uit wilden praten kwam er een adder tussen die Mordred doodt en Arthuur dodelijk verwond. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight: Sir Gawain mag met zijn bijl de Green Knight vermoorden, als dat niet lukt moet hij het volgende jaar bij de Green Knight terugkomen. Het lukt niet en Garwain gaat het volgende jaar op weg naar de Green Knight. Op zijn reis slaapt hij bij Bertilak. Die jaagt en wil alles wat hij heeft gevangen aan Gawain afgeven in ruil voor alles wat Gawain op een dag krijgt. Gawain krijgt een groene riem, van de vrouw van Bertilak, die hem zal helpen, hij geeft de riem niet af. Als Gawain met de Green Knight gaat vechten (die Bertilak blijkt te zijn) wint hij dus ook door de riem. Renaissance 1500-1660 De Renaissance is te verdelen in twee perioden: o tot 1600: Elizabethaans
Elizabethaans
De kerk werd minder belangrijk, Het individu werd wel belangrijk. Ook geluid en vorm werden belangrijk en stukken waren niet meer anoniem. Ook wereldse stukken werden populair. Literaire genres: o Sonnet
o Essay: kort stuk proza waarin schrijver zijn mening geeft
o Elegy: kort gedicht
o Biography
o Pastoral: gedicht of toneelstuk over het eenvoudige leven dat de schrijver zou willen hebben. Shakespeare
Geboren in 1564. Was acteur en toneelschrijver met een aandeel in The Globe Theatre, waar hij stukken voor schreef. Zijn carrière kan in vier delen verdeeld worden: o Early years: nationalistische stukken over Henry VI en komedies. o 1592 – 1601: komedies, bv Middsummer Night’s dream. Maar ook Romeo en Julliete. o 1601 – 1608: tragedies, bv Hamlet, Otello en Macbeth
o 1608-1616: filosofische stukken, bv the Tempest
Middsummer night’s dream
Gaat niet meer over liefde, maar over emotie en intellect. Dichter wilden gedichten maken die vragen opriepen bij de lezer
George Herbert 1593 – 1633 (was religieus) The Pulley (blz 26) The Collar (blz 27) John Donne 1572 – 1631
Maakte veel gebruik van metaforen en schreef persoonlijk en in spreektaal. Zijn gedichten gingen vaak over overspeligheid. The Flea (blz 28) Song (blz 30) A Valediction (blz 30) Death be not Proud (blz 31) Andrew Marvell
Was geboren in 1621 en was een geestelijke. De meeste van zijn metafysische gedichten werden pas na zijn dood bekend. To His Coy Mistress (blz 33) De achttiende eeuw Ook wel: Classicisme, Verlichting, Tijdperk van de rede. Bepalend voor de achttiende eeuw: o vertrouwen in menselijke rede
o overheersende klassieke cultuur, klassieke cultuur vertegenwoordigd hoogste idealen in het leven. Was vooral toegankelijk voor de bovenste laag van de samenleving. De satire kwam ook op (onder andere Jonathan Swift). Ook de bourgeoisie kwam op, die wilde lezen over dagelijkse dingen dus kwamen er kranten, waardoor de eerste romans ontstonden. De bijbel
In 1611 kwam de eerste officiële vertaling van de bijbel, die wel in lijn was met de wensen van de koning en de ‘Anglicon church view’ (kerk van Engeland, die anders was dan die van Rome). Ook de zogenaamde Cavalier poetry kwam op. Cavalier betekent musketier. Was hoofse poëzie over liefde, maar was wel met beide benen op de grond. Gaan vaak over geluk en het thema pul de dag komt vaak terug. Robbert Herrick
Was één van de eerste Cavalier dichters. Maar hield zich niet aan het onderwerp pluk de dag. To the Virgins to make much of the Time (blz 34) Samuel Pepys 1633 – 1703
Was goed in het schrijven van satires. Was de beste dichter van de achttiende eeuw. Was heel erg bezig met rede. Zijn bekendste boek is ‘The Rape of the Lock’ waarin een landheer een lok haar van een vrouw afknipt. Jonathan Swift
Schreef ‘Gulliver’s Travels’ (1726) dat bestaat uit drie delen. Lijkt in het begin een kinderboek maar het derde deel is kritiek op de mensheid. Een onderwerp dat vaak in satirische vorm in zijn boeken terugkomt. Daniel Defoe
Schreef ‘Robinson Crusoe’ (1719) dat de opbouw van een samenleving laat zien. Dit is de eerste fictieve roman. Samuel Johnson
Tweede helft achttiende eeuw. Schreef het eerste woordenboek: ‘Dictionary of the English Language’ (1755). William Blake 1757 - 1827
Is de overgang naar de Romantische periode. Zegt dat rede het leven kapot kan maken. Schreef onder andere ‘Songs of Innocence’ en ‘Songs of Experience’. The Tiger (blz 41) The Lamb (blz 41) Nurse’s Song (Innocence) (blz 42) Nurse’s Song (Experience) (blz 43) O, Rose, thou ar sick! (blz 43) Romantiek 1789 - 1837 Aanleiding Romantiek: o Onafhankelijkheid van Amerika 1776
o Franse Revolutie 1789 – 1799
o Industriële Revolutie
Gaat ervan uit dat de mens van nature goed is en dat omstandigheden de mens veranderen. Men ging zich meer richten op de belevingswereld: gevoel en verbeelding worden belangrijk. Ook werd poëzie individualistisch en geschreven in duidelijke taal. William Wordsworth
Schreef veel over natuurlijke dingen. Schreef samen met Samuel Coleridge de Lyrical Ballads die het begin van de romantiek waren. The Daffodils (blz 44) Excerpt fron Nutting (blz 44) Samuel Coleridge 1771 – 1834
Schreef over het exotische en mysterieuze. Benadrukt het bovennatuurlijke en schreef maar een paar gedichten. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (blz 46)
WO I maakte een eind aan het idee van de Romantiek. De loopgravenoorlog duurt langer dan verwacht. Soldaten schreven vaak patriottische gedichten. Na een tijd verdwijnt het patriottisme zijn kracht en gingen dichters schrijven vanuit de loopgraven over wat zij en hun medesoldaten meemaakten. Rupert Brooke 1887 – 1915
The Soldier (blz 62) Wilfred Owen
Was één van de grootste oorlogsdichters. Schreef om de waarheid te vertellen. Werd in 1918 gedood door machinevuur. Dulce et Decorum Est (blz 63) Anthem for Doomed Youth (blz 63) Macbeth Characters Dramatis Personae DUNCAN, King of Scotland
Duncan is a good king who his people like. By no fault of his own he is unable to discern those who threaten his reign. MACBETH, Thane of Glamis and Cawdor, a general in the King's army and LADY MACBETH, his wife
Macbeth is a basically good man who is troubled by his conscience and loyalty though at the same time ambitious and murderous. He is led to evil initially by the witches' predictions and then by his wife's goading, which he succumbs to because he loves her so. His obsession over the kingship shows a certain kind of egotism.Lady Macbeth is a good wife who loves her husband. She is also ambitious but lacks the morals of her husband. To achieve her ambition, she rids of herself of any kindness that might stand in the way. However, she runs out of energy to supress her conscience and kills herself. BANQUO, Thane of Lochaber, a general in the King's army
Banquo serves as a foil to Macbeth, showing an alternate react to prophecy. Banquo retains his morals and allegiances, but ends up dying. He is brave and ambitious, but this is tempered by intelligence. MACDUFF, Thane of Fife, a nobleman of Scotland
Malcolm, as a good king, is everything that Macbeth is not. He uses deception only to insure his personal safety. DONALBAIN, younger son of Duncan
Donalbain is Duncan's youngest son and fless to Ireland when his father is murdered. LENNOX, nobleman of Scotland
Lennox is one of Duncan's nobles and he is largely an observer in the play. He grows suspicious of what he sees in Macbeth, and grows increasingly sarcastic and is fearful for the fate of Scotland. ROSS, nobleman of Scotland
Ross is Macduff's cousin. He acts as a messenger in the play, bringing good news of Macbeth's military victory and bad news about Macduff's family. SIWARD, Earl of Northumberland, general of the English forces
Old Siward is the Earl of Northumberland and an ally of Malcom and Macduff. YOUNG SIWARD, his son
Young Siward is Siward's son. He is slain by Macbeth in hand-to-hand combat. SEYTON, attendant to Macbeth
Seyton is Macbeth's lieutenant. HECATE, Queen of the Witches
Hecate is sometimes referred to as the queen of the witches. It is she who directs supernatural happenings and appearances of the mystical apparitions. The Three Witches
The three witches add an element of supernatural and prophecy to the play. They each have a familiar, such as Graymalkin and Paddock, and are commanded by Hecate, a Greek goddess of the moon and later witchcraft. The witches are based on a variety of ideas about witches at the time. They can use sieves as boats, and they can assume the shape of an animal, but with a defect, as with the tailless rat. The witches were also thought to be able to control the winds. They are described as having beards but looking human. The Porter
The Porter is the keeper of Macbeth's castle who imagines that he is the keeper of Hell's Gate. LADY MACDUFF
Fleance plays no large role, and the only question is how his line ends up becoming king after Malcolm. MENTEITH, ANGUS, and CAITHNESS
noblemen of Scotland
Other Characters
An English Doctor, A Scottish Doctor, A Sergeant, An Old Man, The Ghost of Banquo and other Apparitions, Lords, Gentlemen, Officers, Soldiers, Murtherers, Attendants, and Messengers
Act I, Scene 1 The witches plan to meet after the battle, which we find is a rebellion in Scotland. They are summoned by their familiars and end with the theme of the play. Act I, Scene 2 The king and his thanes are at a camp and hear word of the battle from the bleeding sergeant. The sergeant had saved Malcolm earlier. He says that the battle was doubtful, with the rebel Macdonwald receiving reinforcements and luck. However, Macbeth man aged to fight well, and killed the slave Macdonwald. A second attack by the Norweyan lord angered Macbeth and he met their attacks so the Norwegians got their butts kicked. The sergeant goes to get some medical attention, and then Ross tells the rest of the story. Norway and the rebel Thane of Cawdor were met by Macbeth and were defeated. The Norwegian king Sweno was forced to pay ten thousand dollars. Macbeth is given the rebel Cawdor's title. Act I, Scene 3 The witches meet again, as planned. One has been killing pigs. Another witch is getting revenge on the captain of the Tiger, who's wife has not given her a chestnut. Winds summoned by her will blow in every direction, making the sailor throw up and nev er sleep, though the ship will never be lost. The witch has the pilot's thumb. Then Macbeth comes. The witches sing a little song. Macbeth comments on the good and bad day, then Banquo sees the witches. They look human in some ways, but don't in others. The witches hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, his current title, as well as Cawdor, which he doesn't know he is to receive, and King, which is a complete shock. Banquo is suprised that Macbeth isn't ecstatic at the prophecy, and asks the witches why they have no prophecy for him. The witches make important predictions to Banquo, as lesser but greater, less happy but happier than Macbeth. They also say his children will become Kings. Macbeth wants to know more. The witches vanish, and the two puzzle over the disapperance. Ross and Angus come. Ross tells them the kind heard of his victory in battle. They tell him the King will honor him in person, but that he has also received the t itle of Cawdor. Macbeth asks why he is given someone else's title and is told of the treason. Now Macbeth starts thinking the prophecy might come true. Banquo is still worried. Macbeth is scared as he considers killing the king to complete the prophecy. Banquo says he is getting used to his new title. Macbeth comes out of his thinking and thanks the men. He tells Banquo they will talk later. Act I, Scene 4 The king asks if Cawdor is executed yet and if the people who did it are back yet. Malcolm says the aren't back but someone who saw it said Cawdor confessed and apologized, at peace with himself so that death was not a problem, and the way he left was be tter than the way he lived. Duncan makes a comment important to theme, saying he trusted Cawdor, because he was deceptive in the way he acted. When Macbeth arrives, Duncan thanks him for what he did, saying he can never repay him. Macbeth says he was just doing his duty. Duncan says Macbeth will grow, and Banquo will be close to his heart. Banquo also expresses his loyalty, saying the benefit would be for Duncan. Duncan says he is happy despite troubles, and declares his son Malcolm his successor, making Malcolm a problem in Macbeth's getting the throne. Duncan decides to go to Macbeth's castle, and Macbeth goes to tell his wife. Macbeth talks of how he is having dark thoughts about trying to become king. Duncan comments on how great Banquo is and then follows him. Act I, Scene 5 Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth, which tells about the witches prophecy. Lady Macbeth says that her husband is too nice to get the greatness he is promised. She decides to help him gain the crown. A messenger tells her the King is coming. Lady Macbeth decides that Duncan will be killed while staying there. She tries to get rid of all kind thoughts so that she can do the deed. She tells her husband to appear normal, even while he plans to kill the King. Act I, Scene 6 Duncan talks about how pleasant the castle is. Banquo notes how the birds are abundant, marking it for a nice place. Duncan greets Lady Macbeth, who returns the formality and assures her loyalty. She leads them into the castle. Act I, Scene 7 Macbeth contemplates the crime and says he should do it soon if he does it. If this was all there was to it, and all he had to worry about was the afterlife, he would do it. But he is also judged here, and murdering may lead to his own death. He is supposed to be loyal to Duncan as a relative and subject and host. And Duncan is such a nice, great leader that whoever kills him will be damned. Everyone will be sad. There is nothing to make him do it except ambition, which is like a spur but also like a rider who jumps on a horse but falls off the other side. Lady Macbeth says Duncan almost finished dinner. Macbeth doesn't want to kill someone who has done him so well. Lady Macbeth asks what happened to his hope that he had so much. She will not love him if he doesn't do this, what he wants. Macbeth doesn't want to do it, and Lady Macbeth asks what happened since he was so willing to do it before. She says that if she had sworn to, she would kill a baby suckling at her breast. Lady Macbeth says they won't fail because they will get the King's attendants drunk and make it look like they did it. Macbeth comments on his wife's mannly mettle, and starts to believe his wife. She says it will look like the servants did it, so Macbeth agrees to do it, while hiding what he did from his face, a refernce to the theme. Act II, Scene 1 Banquo and Fleance are walking around and wondering at the time. Baquo is worried about the dark thoughts in his head. Macbeth comes up and Banquo asks why he isn't sleeping when Duncan went to bed happy and sent them gifts. Macbeth responds that he wasn't as good a host because he was unprepared. Banquo dreamt of the witches and Macbeth says they should talk about that later. Banquo wants to maintain his loyalty to the king. Macbeth dismisses his servant and then imagines a dagger before him, but he isn't sure if it is real. He says it encourages to do the deed, showing him how. In the night, he dreams of Hecate and the witches, of a wolf howling the time for murder, and compares his stealthy approach to that of Tarquin. In horror, he resolves to do the deed. Act II, Scene 2 Lady Macbeth says that the alcohol that made the attendants drunk has given her courage. Omens of death wish the king good night, and Macbeth is going to kill him as the drunk attendants are unconscious. When Macbeth shows up she is afraid they woke up and it didn't work. She would have done it if Duncan didn't look like her fathe. But he did it, after some trouble. One attendant woke up and said "Murder" but then they went ack to sleep. Donalbain either said "God bless us" or "Amen" in response to Duncan saying it. Macbeth is troubled because he could not say "Amen". Lady Macbeth says not to think that way. Macbeth says he heard a voice saying he murdered sleep, which is described as such a sweet and pleasant thing. She tells him not to think of such sickly things and to wash his hands. She then agrees to put the daggers back, because Macbeth doesn't want to. She says only kids fear death and sleep. She will get some blood on the attendants to make them look guilty. Macbeth is troubled by knocking and says that nothing can wash his hands clean, and the blood will make the seas red. Lady Macbeth feels bad to have red hands but to be innocent of the crime itself. She tells him to wash his hands and retire and put on his nightgown so that they will not be suspicious to the watchers. Macbeth wishes he did not know what he had done. Act II, Scene 3 The porter hears knocking and says that a porter at hell would have a busy job. He pretends to be the porter of hell, and imagines the sort of people who would come, such as a farmer who didn't get the high prices wanted, a traitor, and a tailor who tried to overprice his garments. Finally he lets Macduff and Lennox in, and they have a discussion about drinking. The porter tells how drink causes red noses, sleep, and urine. He also says it causes lechery, though it takes away the performance. Macbeth comes and greets Lennox and Macduff. Macbeth leads Macduff to the king. Lennox comments on weird things that happened during the night. Macduff returns, having discovered the murder. He is in hysterics, telling them of the horror of horrors and calling for an alarm. He compares the events transpiring to Judgement Day, when the dead rise up to a trumpet. Lady Macbeth comes and asks what is going on. And Macduff tells Banquo when he enters. Macbeth reenters commenting on how awful life is with the death of his king. Malcolm and Donalbain are then informed what happened. Lennox says it looked like the chamber attendants had done it. Macbeth says that in his fury, he killed the attendants. Malcolm and Donalbain are afraid and agree to leave. Banquo says they should reassemble to investigate the matter. Malcolm, in a comment relevant to the theme, says it is easy to show a false sorrow. They both agree it is not safe there and depart. Act II, Scene 4 The old man says this is the worst night he has ever seen. Ross speaks metaphorically of the battle between light and dark. The old man compares it to an owl killing a great falcon. Ross then talks of the mysterious event with the horses of Duncan getting loose and eating each other. Macduff says it is thought the attendants did the murder. He thinks they were paid by Malcolm and Donalbain. Macbeth is said to have gone to Scone to get the crown. Duncan's body is said to be buried. Macduff and Ross bid each other farewell. The old man bids them farewell with a comment alluding again to the theme. Act III, Scene 1 Banquo comments on how Macbeth has everything he was promised, but he thinks Macbeth gained it through evil. But Banquo hopes now that his prophecies will come true and his kids will be kings. Macbeth invites Banquo, his chief guest, to a feast. Banquo and Fleance are riding that afternoon, but can be back by supper. Macbeth says that Malcolm and Donalbain, their cousins whom guilt rests upon, are in England and Ireland but don't admit to the crime. Macbeth bids them farewell then tells the servant to fetch the murderers. While waiting, he deliver a soliloquy about how it is insufficient to be king, unless he is secure. He fears Banquo, with his wisdom and temper, will try to unseat him, as the prophecies said his children would be kings. Macbeth fears he has given up his soul and committed an evil act, just to put Banquo's descendants on the throne. He tells fate to fight him to the death. Macbeth has been convincing the murderers that Banquo is a bad person over the course of two earlier meetings. Macbeth tells the murderers they have a special role as men, and the murderers say they have had a rough life and would do anything. Macbeth tells them to kill Banquo, their mutual enemy. He compares is battle with Banquo to fencing, but says he can't kill him himself. He tells them to do it carefully, and to kill Banquo's son Fleance as well. Act III, Scene 2 Lady Macbeth sends a servant for Macbeth, then says something that reminds of Macbeth's earlier soliloquy. It is no good to be insecure in what you have, and you might as well be destroyed. She asks Macbeth why he is keeping to himself and acting worried when he can't change what he has done. Macbeth says there is still a threat, and he wishes he were one of the dead who are in peace, than have such constant worries. Lady Macbeth tells him to act happy. Macbeth says his wife needs to remember that, too, and that they need to flatter Banquo to cover up for their dark plans. Lady Macbeth says not to kill Banquo and that they won't live forever. Macbeth says they can be happy after Banquo and Fleance are dead, which will happen that night. Macbeth doesn't want to tell his wife of his plans so that she can be innocent. He says this evil deed will help what was badly begun. Act III, Scene 3 A new murderer appears, claiming to be sent by Macbeth. Banquo approaches and they kill him, but Fleance escapes. They go to tell Macbeth. Act III, Scene 4 At the banquet, they seat themselves according to rank. Lady Macbeth goes to play hostess, while Macbeth meets with the Murderer. He learns Fleance escaped and says he is now surrounded by fears instead of being calm and safe. Macbeth is grateful that at least the snake is gone, thought the worm Fleance will likely return. He tells the murderer they will meet again. Lady Macbeth tells him to be a good host, otherwise the guests might as well be eating at home or paying for the meal. Macbeth then sees a ghost of Banquo sit in his chair, but Ross and Lennox tell him to sit since they don't see the ghost. Lady Macbeth tells the guests to wait, that this is just a temporary fit. She tells Macbeth that it is just his imagining from fear. Macbeth says he is just ill and drinks wine to Banquo. He tells the ghost to go away, that it is not real. Lady Macbeth tells the lords to leave after Macbeth continues to act strangely. He wonders then where Macduff is. He says he will go to see the witches again. Act III, Scene 5 Hecate is angry because the witches have been dealing with Macbeth without consulting her. She says he will be told his destiny at the cave the next day. The various spells she contrives will lure him into a false sense of security. The witches prepare for her return. Act III, Scene 6 Lennox thinks it is suspicious how Macbeth has been acting and how two people killed their fathers. Macduff is reported to be in the English court, rallying forces to remove Macbeth. Act IV, Scene 1 The witches meet again and cook up a spell in their cauldron with all sorts of interesting ingredients. Macbeth approaches them to answer his question, regardless of any havoc it might wreak. Macbeth opts to hear it from the witches' masters and is greeted by an apparition that can read his mind and answer his question. The armed head represents Macbeth, telling him to beware of Macduff. The bloody child represents Macduff, who we later find out was not of woman born. Macbeth wonder why, then, he should fear Macduff but just to be safe he will kill him anyway. The crowned child is Malcolm, with the tree representing Burnham Wood, and says not to fear until Great Burnham wood moves against him. Macbeth feels safe since a wood can never move and he knows no people not of woman born. He thinks the prophecy is a good and insures him a safe life. Then a line of kings is seen, thought to represent the descendents of Banquo that eventually lead to King James. The last king holds a mirror to make the line seem endless. So Macbeth gets his question answered about Macbeth's descendents and the witches try to cheer him up by dancing. Then they disappear. Lennox tells Macbeth than Lennox has gone to England. Macbeth comments in his aside about how he was overtaken by time because he failed to act on his plan. He decides to kill Macduff's children. Act IV, Scene 2 Lady Macduff is wondering why her husband left. She thinks he was mad, looking like a traitor, loveless and cowardly to leave his family and possessions. Ross tries to comfort her, telling her he knows what is wrong at the moment. People don't know they are traitors, when they know fear. Ross leaves and says he will be back. Lady Macduff has an interesting conversation with her son Sirrah about what they will do without a father. The messenger tells her to leave, that she is in danger. But Lady Macduff doesn't know where to go, and she has done no wrong. As she realizes that doing good is sometimes a bad thing, the murderers arrive. The murderers kill the Son, but Lady Macduff escapes. Act IV, Scene 3 Malcolm says they should find some place to cry, while Macduff says they should defend their native country the way they would a fallen comrade. Scotland is full of cries. Malcolm says this could be true, but he fears that Macduff could betray him to Macbeth for a reward. Malcolm says that even is Macduff isn't treacherous, he good give in to the royal command the way a cannon recoils after it is fired. He says bad things can look good while good things still look good. Malcolm asks why Macduff left his family. Macduff says he is not a bad person, that the tyrant Macbeth hurts Scotland as legal ruler. Malcolm says he does want to retake Scotland, but then to check still if Macduff is a spy, he lies, saying how he is a man of vices who would be an even worse ruler. At first, Macduff says the vices won't be a problem, that Scotland can deal with them and that Macbeth is worse. When Malcolm persists, Macduff says that Malcolm truly unfit to rule and fears for his country. Malcolm then says his fears are allayed, and that he really is virtuous person. Macduff says this is hard to deal with all of a sudden. The doctor then talks about how the king is healing people with the evil. Malcolm does not recognize Ross since he's been in England for a while. Ross tells how awful things are in Scotland, but assures Macduff his family is fine. He encourages them to return and save Scotland. Ross then tells Macduff that his family is actually dead. He encourages revenge. Macduff thinks Macbeth wouldn't have killed his kid if he had any of his own. They plan to go to Scotland. Act V, Scene 1 The gentlewoman who cares for Lady Macbeth has summoned a doctor, but in two nights the reported symptoms of waking up and writing something have not occurred. The doctor says it is a disturbance of nature for her to do such things while appearing to sleep. The gentlewoman will not repeat anything Lady Macbeth has said for she is unsure, but then Lady Macbeth appears, carrying a light. Lady Macbeth acts as if washing her hands, seeing a spot of blood. She questions why her husband should be scared, but complains still of the blood that was shed. She is wracked with guilt that troubles her as the two observe. The doctor says she needs the help of god, not a doctor for her troubles
Act V, Scene 2 The English forces with the Scottish thanes are near, Menteith reports. The revenge they seek is a strong enough cause to raise the dead and wounded. Angus says they will met at Burnham wood, and Caithness asks if Donalbain is coming. Lennox explains he has a list of everyone, including boys ready to show their manhood in their first battle, and Donalbain is not on the list. Caithness explains that Macbeth is strengthening his castle, and is acting crazy, unable to rule. Angus explains these are the consequences of the murder; people don't willingly follow him and his title means little. Menteith explains Macbeth is afraid of himself, and Caithness compares Malcolm to doctor, and by working with him they will cure their country by shedding their blood. Act V, Scene 3 Macbeth is wondering how the prophecy will come true, and tries to remain confident. Macbeth upraids his servant for seeming afraid, but is told of the English forces. Mcabeth tells Seyton this revolt will either remove or leave him happy, as right now he has none of things due a man of old age. Macbeth asks for his armor, planning to defend himself to the end. Macbeth asks the doctor to cure his wife. The doctor wishes he weren't there. Act V, Scene 4 Malcolm hopes to regain the safety they once had. Menteith is sure it will happen. Malcolm tells each soldier to cut down a large tree branch and put it in front of him, thereby camouflaging himself. The scouts will think there are less of them. Macbeth waits in his castle, his only hope of defense. Though they have hopes of what they want to accomplish, now is the time for actual blows and battle to win. Act V, Scene 5 Macbeth says let them come to the castle, he can hold them off. If they didn't have his soldiers, then he could have met them on the field and beat them back. Macbeth has forgotten what it is like to be afraid, having as much fear as a man can bear. Macbeth wishes his wife had died later, at a better time. He comments on how life passes at this little speed, with people dying after a futile life. Macbeth says the messenger comes to speak, he should give his report quickly. The messenger, unsure of how to report what he saw, says Birnham wood appeared to move (remember that the soldiers are carrying boughs to hide themselves as they move), thus the prophecy is fulfilled. Macbeth starts wishing this were just all over and prepares for death fighting. Act V, Scene 6 Macolm and Macduff split off from Siward, and they throw down their boughs, preparing to fight. Act V, Scene 7 Macbeth knows he is stuck fighting, and he wonders who was not born of woman. Macbeth tells Young Siward who he is, and Macbeth says he should be not just hateful but fearful to Young Siward's ears. Macbeth says he doesn't fear any not of woman born and kills Young Siward. Macduff says he must kill Macbeth to avenge his family, and only Macbeth. By the noise of Macbeth's armor, he locates him. Siward explains the battle is easy. Malcolm enters the castle. Act V, Scene 8 Macbeth asks why he should kill himself when the wounds he might inflict upon himself would look better upon his living enemies. Macbeth says he has avoided Macduff and does not want to kill him after killing his family. Macduff says he will speak with his sword instead of words. Macbeth says the Macduff will not hurt him. Macduff then reveals that he was ripped from his mother's womb while she died. Macbeth is angry to discover that the prophecy will come true and only provided him false hope. Macduff tells him to give up and explains he will be put on a pole and displayed as a tyrant. Macbeth says he will try despite the prophecy rather than yield to Malcolm. Act V, Scene 9 Malcolm wishes no one had to die, but Siward says it is necessary and the cost wasn't that high for such a good day. Ross tells Siward that Young Siward, who just became a man in fighting, died. He tells him not to have sorrow, though. Siward says he died well then. Macduff hails Malcolm as king holding Macbeth's head.
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