English (grammar).
Unit 4.
1. Present perfect simple.
The Present Perfect Simple is formed with ‘have / has’ + past participle in -ed / an irregular past participle.
Ex.: I haven’t visited her and she has understood why.
We use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about actions in the past that still have some importance for the present. The precise moment the action took place is irrelevant.
Ex.: I’ve been away 6 months. (But now I’m back again.)
The Americans have launched another satellite. (And now it’s on it’s way to Mars.)
We use the Present Past Simple to talk about an:
a. an unfinished action
b. the indefinite past
c. The recent past
a. un unfinished action. The action started in the past and is still going on or is still true at the time of speaking. We often use ¡§for¡¨ or ¡§since¡¨ with this meaning of present simple. Ex.: They have been close friends since elementary school. b. The indefinite past: a past action, an indefinite (unknown) period of time. The action has happened but we don’t exactly know when. Ex.: I have written to grandma. We also often use adverbs. Most used: Yet, already, ever, never, so far, etc
Ex.: Have you had breakfast yet? b. the indefinite past: a past action, an unfinished period of time. The action has happened in a period of time that is not over yet; today, this week, this month, this year, etc
Ex.: Jenny has already drunk four cups of tea this morning. (It is still morning) c. The recent past. The action has just happened, and often there is proof that it is very recent. The focus is on the result of the action. Ex.: Look at the carpet! Someone has walked in with muddy shoes. 2. Been - gone. The past participle ‘been’ shows something that has happened and is now over. Ex.: We’ve bee, to London for a week, but we’re glad to be back home now. The past participle ‘gone’ shows something that is going on at this moment. Ex.: (I’ve) Gone to lunch. (I’ll be back at two o’clock.) 3. Adverbs of time. Some adverbs are placed in front of the main verb, some are placed at the back. Ex.: They’ve only just got there. Haven’t you had a lie-down yet? 4. since - for
Since shows when an actions started. Ex.: We’ve known them since 1996. For shows how long the action has lasted. Ex.: They’ve lived in our street for a long while. 5. Countable and uncountable. Countable nouns are those things we can count, they have a single and a plural. Ex.: I will have three eggs please. Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count; they are singular and you can’t put ‘a’ or ‘an’ in front if them. Ex.: I like ham and cheese, but I prefer pasta and curry. Sometimes we use a special word: A piece of advice
Three pieces of luggage / music
A loaf of bread slice of cake
A bar of chocolate joint of meat
A pinch of salt mouthful of food
An item of news layer / a coat of paint
A stroke of luck stick of chalk
6. Expressions of quantity. With countables: How many Some
A lot of / lots of
A few
Any / many
With uncountables: How much
Some
A lot of / lots of A little
Any / much Unit 5. 1. The Present perfect simple compared with the past simple. We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that are finished and took place at a definite time in the past. 2. Narrative in newspaper articles. The Present Perfect Simple is often used in newspapers and broadcasts to introduce an action that will be described in the Past Simple. Ex.: A British balloonist has landed unexpectedly in India. David Allis, age 22, was forced to land yesterday because of poor weather conditions. 3. Position of adverbs of manner (how?), place (where?) and time (when?). Adverbs are normally placed at the end of the sentence. Ex.: She read the book carefully. (manner) She read the book in the library.(place) She read the book last night. (time) When there is more than one adverb in the sentence, the usual order is: (a) manner, (b) place, (c) time - MPT
Ex.: The students worked quietly in the classroom yesterday. 4. Capital letters. We always capitalize the following words: a. The personal pronoun ‘I’. b. Nationality words and languages: a Turkish doctor, a Turk, to speak Turkish
c. Names of cities, towns and countries: the Netherlands
d. Religion words: Muslim, a Protestant minister
e. Official holidays: Christmas, Labor Day f. Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday
g. Months of the year: January, April showers
h. People’s names and titles: Mr. Green, Professor Smith
i. Names of organizations and their abbreviated forms: NATO, the United Nations
j. The first word of every sentence: Do you object? Unit 6. 1. Future Simple. The Future Simple is formed with ¡§will¡¨. The Future Simple is used to make statements and predictions or ask questions about future events and states. Ex.: It’ll rain tomorrow. Christmas next year won’t be on a Sunday. Note: The Future forms of ‘can’ = ‘will / won’t be able to’ and of ‘must’ = ‘ will / won’t have to’ Ex.: I’m afraid I won’t be able to help you tomorrow, so you’ll have to do everything yourself. 2. Future time reference. The following words are used to introduce time references. When, as soon as, once, before, after, immediately, now (that). Ex.: When you leave school, you won’t have to do any homework. 3. Will (won’t) - shall. 1. Requesting. Will you please let me go to the party? Won’t you let me borrow the car? 2. Promising. (I promise) I’ll write to you every day. I won’t keep talking, I promise. 3. Suggesting. Shall I make some tea while you do the washing? Shall we go to Italy again this year? 4. Offering. Shall I open the door for you? 4. Conditional (type 1). The first type of conditional is expressed by: if + Present Simple , will / ‘ll / won’t
Ex.: If we win the match on Sunday, I’ll buy you a bottle of wine. It can also be turned around. Ex.: We’ll see the baby, if they visit us at Christmas. 5. Warning, threatening. Warning and threats may be expressed by the conditional. Ex.: If you don’t eat the right things, you’ll make yourself ill. 6. When - if. ‘When’ indicates the time that something will certainly happen. Ex.: When he’s forty, he’ll realize it’s too late to become a pilot. ‘If’ indicates the circumstances under which something will possibly happen. Ex.: If he becomes a pilot, I’ll be very surprised. 7. So that. This is used to express why something is done, the purpose of an action. Ex.: I’ll do all my jobs before lunch so that we’ll have time to talk during the afternoon. 8. Fractions, decimals, nought. 1. Fractions. Two-words fractions are written with a hyphen (-). Ex.: two-thirds, three-quarters ‘One and a half’ is followed by a plural noun
Ex.: I took only one and a half hours to reach the top.
2. Decimals.
English uses a stop to indicate decimals. We say ‘point’.
1.5 = one point five
0.75 = nought point seven five
3. nothing. There are many words in English for nothing. Our team won the rugby final thirteen - nil. The Wimbledon champion lost the final set six - love. In tonight’s quiz show, the red team is leading by five games to nothing. I can’t read that figure, is that a six or a nought? For my last test I got nought / zero. In the winter, temperature falls below zero. Unit 7. 1. Requesting permission. 1. Can. Can is an informal way of asking for permission from friends, classmates or members of you family. Ex.: Can I borrow you pen? Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. / No, you cannot! ! Cannot is always written in one word!! 2. Let. Let is another informal way of asking for permission. It often sounds like a command and is more forceful. Ex.: Those books look heavy. Let me help you carry them. (Can I give you a hand?) Let me in! 3. May / Could. These are used to request permission from an authority (teacher, policeman, boss, someone who’s older than you, etc.) Ex.: May we leave the room please? - Yes, you may. 4. May / May not. Could I have the day off? - Yes, you may. / No, you may not. 2. Giving and refusing permission. May is used to give or refuse permission. Ex.: Students may use the computers in the library during lunchtime. Can is used to give or refuse permission. Ex.: You can’t smoke in front of the school building. 3. Obligation. Must is used to express an obligation that the speaker either imposes or approves of. Ex.: You must raise your hand to speak. Have to and have got to are often used for an obligation imposed by something or someone else. The speaker is often simply relating the obligation and may not even approve of it. Ex.: You’ve got to / have to ask for a written pass to leave the classroom. 4. Prohibition. Must not expresses prohibition. Not be allowed to means the same as ‘must not’. Ex.: Visitors must not feed the animals. Cannot also expresses prohibition, especially if you are reporting or explaining rules or regulations. Ex.: You cannot wear torn jeans to our school.
b. the indefinite past
a. un unfinished action. The action started in the past and is still going on or is still true at the time of speaking. We often use ¡§for¡¨ or ¡§since¡¨ with this meaning of present simple. Ex.: They have been close friends since elementary school. b. The indefinite past: a past action, an indefinite (unknown) period of time. The action has happened but we don’t exactly know when. Ex.: I have written to grandma. We also often use adverbs. Most used: Yet, already, ever, never, so far, etc
Ex.: Have you had breakfast yet? b. the indefinite past: a past action, an unfinished period of time. The action has happened in a period of time that is not over yet; today, this week, this month, this year, etc
Ex.: Jenny has already drunk four cups of tea this morning. (It is still morning) c. The recent past. The action has just happened, and often there is proof that it is very recent. The focus is on the result of the action. Ex.: Look at the carpet! Someone has walked in with muddy shoes. 2. Been - gone. The past participle ‘been’ shows something that has happened and is now over. Ex.: We’ve bee, to London for a week, but we’re glad to be back home now. The past participle ‘gone’ shows something that is going on at this moment. Ex.: (I’ve) Gone to lunch. (I’ll be back at two o’clock.) 3. Adverbs of time. Some adverbs are placed in front of the main verb, some are placed at the back. Ex.: They’ve only just got there. Haven’t you had a lie-down yet? 4. since - for
Since shows when an actions started. Ex.: We’ve known them since 1996. For shows how long the action has lasted. Ex.: They’ve lived in our street for a long while. 5. Countable and uncountable. Countable nouns are those things we can count, they have a single and a plural. Ex.: I will have three eggs please. Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count; they are singular and you can’t put ‘a’ or ‘an’ in front if them. Ex.: I like ham and cheese, but I prefer pasta and curry. Sometimes we use a special word: A piece of advice
Three pieces of luggage / music
A loaf of bread slice of cake
A bar of chocolate joint of meat
A pinch of salt mouthful of food
An item of news layer / a coat of paint
A stroke of luck stick of chalk
6. Expressions of quantity. With countables: How many Some
A lot of / lots of
A few
Any / many
With uncountables: How much
Some
A lot of / lots of A little
Any / much Unit 5. 1. The Present perfect simple compared with the past simple. We use the Past Simple to talk about actions that are finished and took place at a definite time in the past. 2. Narrative in newspaper articles. The Present Perfect Simple is often used in newspapers and broadcasts to introduce an action that will be described in the Past Simple. Ex.: A British balloonist has landed unexpectedly in India. David Allis, age 22, was forced to land yesterday because of poor weather conditions. 3. Position of adverbs of manner (how?), place (where?) and time (when?). Adverbs are normally placed at the end of the sentence. Ex.: She read the book carefully. (manner) She read the book in the library.(place) She read the book last night. (time) When there is more than one adverb in the sentence, the usual order is: (a) manner, (b) place, (c) time - MPT
Ex.: The students worked quietly in the classroom yesterday. 4. Capital letters. We always capitalize the following words: a. The personal pronoun ‘I’. b. Nationality words and languages: a Turkish doctor, a Turk, to speak Turkish
d. Religion words: Muslim, a Protestant minister
e. Official holidays: Christmas, Labor Day f. Days of the week: Monday, Tuesday
g. Months of the year: January, April showers
h. People’s names and titles: Mr. Green, Professor Smith
i. Names of organizations and their abbreviated forms: NATO, the United Nations
j. The first word of every sentence: Do you object? Unit 6. 1. Future Simple. The Future Simple is formed with ¡§will¡¨. The Future Simple is used to make statements and predictions or ask questions about future events and states. Ex.: It’ll rain tomorrow. Christmas next year won’t be on a Sunday. Note: The Future forms of ‘can’ = ‘will / won’t be able to’ and of ‘must’ = ‘ will / won’t have to’ Ex.: I’m afraid I won’t be able to help you tomorrow, so you’ll have to do everything yourself. 2. Future time reference. The following words are used to introduce time references. When, as soon as, once, before, after, immediately, now (that). Ex.: When you leave school, you won’t have to do any homework. 3. Will (won’t) - shall. 1. Requesting. Will you please let me go to the party? Won’t you let me borrow the car? 2. Promising. (I promise) I’ll write to you every day. I won’t keep talking, I promise. 3. Suggesting. Shall I make some tea while you do the washing? Shall we go to Italy again this year? 4. Offering. Shall I open the door for you? 4. Conditional (type 1). The first type of conditional is expressed by: if + Present Simple , will / ‘ll / won’t
Ex.: If we win the match on Sunday, I’ll buy you a bottle of wine. It can also be turned around. Ex.: We’ll see the baby, if they visit us at Christmas. 5. Warning, threatening. Warning and threats may be expressed by the conditional. Ex.: If you don’t eat the right things, you’ll make yourself ill. 6. When - if. ‘When’ indicates the time that something will certainly happen. Ex.: When he’s forty, he’ll realize it’s too late to become a pilot. ‘If’ indicates the circumstances under which something will possibly happen. Ex.: If he becomes a pilot, I’ll be very surprised. 7. So that. This is used to express why something is done, the purpose of an action. Ex.: I’ll do all my jobs before lunch so that we’ll have time to talk during the afternoon. 8. Fractions, decimals, nought. 1. Fractions. Two-words fractions are written with a hyphen (-). Ex.: two-thirds, three-quarters ‘One and a half’ is followed by a plural noun
0.75 = nought point seven five
3. nothing. There are many words in English for nothing. Our team won the rugby final thirteen - nil. The Wimbledon champion lost the final set six - love. In tonight’s quiz show, the red team is leading by five games to nothing. I can’t read that figure, is that a six or a nought? For my last test I got nought / zero. In the winter, temperature falls below zero. Unit 7. 1. Requesting permission. 1. Can. Can is an informal way of asking for permission from friends, classmates or members of you family. Ex.: Can I borrow you pen? Yes, you can. / No, you can’t. / No, you cannot! ! Cannot is always written in one word!! 2. Let. Let is another informal way of asking for permission. It often sounds like a command and is more forceful. Ex.: Those books look heavy. Let me help you carry them. (Can I give you a hand?) Let me in! 3. May / Could. These are used to request permission from an authority (teacher, policeman, boss, someone who’s older than you, etc.) Ex.: May we leave the room please? - Yes, you may. 4. May / May not. Could I have the day off? - Yes, you may. / No, you may not. 2. Giving and refusing permission. May is used to give or refuse permission. Ex.: Students may use the computers in the library during lunchtime. Can is used to give or refuse permission. Ex.: You can’t smoke in front of the school building. 3. Obligation. Must is used to express an obligation that the speaker either imposes or approves of. Ex.: You must raise your hand to speak. Have to and have got to are often used for an obligation imposed by something or someone else. The speaker is often simply relating the obligation and may not even approve of it. Ex.: You’ve got to / have to ask for a written pass to leave the classroom. 4. Prohibition. Must not expresses prohibition. Not be allowed to means the same as ‘must not’. Ex.: Visitors must not feed the animals. Cannot also expresses prohibition, especially if you are reporting or explaining rules or regulations. Ex.: You cannot wear torn jeans to our school.
REACTIES
:name
:name
:comment
1 seconde geleden