There are big concerns about health in a factory. Most of the time there are no good supplies against breathing in chemicals and the risk of a fire is there. Are there escape routes? Yes, but not in good condition, and what about the smoke alarms are they present? Yes, but they are not checked as often if they still work as they should. Is there fresh air coming in? Some windows are open but it is not enough. Is there an air conditioner and a heater? Yes, but is it helping since the rooms are filled with people. No, not really, some of the time it is not even working properly. Are the machines safe to use? People can be struck and injured by moving parts of machinery or ejected material. Parts of the body can also be drawn in or trapped between rollers, belts and pulley drives. Sharp edges can cause cuts and severing injuries, sharp-pointed parts can cause stabbing or puncture the skin, and rough surface parts can cause friction or abrasion. People can be crushed, both between parts moving together or towards a fixed part of the machine, wall or other objects, and two parts moving past one another can cause shearing. Parts of the machine, materials, and emissions (such as steam or water) can be hot or cold enough to cause burns or scalds, and electricity can cause electrical shock and burns. Injuries can also occur due to machinery becoming unreliable and developing faults or when machines are used improperly through inexperience or lack of training.
In conclusion, working in a cotton factory is not very safe for your mental health and your physical health and it is not even paying what you should get. No matter what is produced.
Working in a leather factory
China is, by far, the largest leather producing country in each category of leather. Overall, the Chinese leather industry produces nearly 4 billion square feet of leather per year - more than doubling the production of 2nd place Brazil.
Where do you get leather from? Leather is the skin from animals that are taken of the animal’s body and then further processed into the kind of leather we often see in the shops.
A random sample of 197 male workers drawn from different sections of 10 leather tanneries was selected for the assessment of health risks. A control group comprising of 117 male subjects belonging to a similar age group and socioeconomic strata, who never had any occupational exposure in the leather tanneries, were also examined for the comparison purpose. The findings revealed a higher prevalence of morbidity among the exposed workers in contrast to that observed in the controls 40,1% vs. 19,6%. The exposed workers whereas the gastrointestinal tract problems were predominant in the control group. The urinary and blood samples collected from the exposed group showed higher levels of chromium, thereby reflecting the body burden of Cr in the exposed workers as a result of a high concentration of environmental Cr at the workplace.
Is child labor involved? Yes, it is involved in the more medium-sized factories and small production in the leather industry.
Leather gets painted a lot of the times, but is breathing in the air around the bucket with paint good? No, it isn’t good at all. Breathing solvent paint fumes for too long can cause headaches, dizziness, and nausea. This can happen in a poorly ventilated space (which is most of the time the case in factories) or when large areas are being painted or stained.
History of cotton
The cotton industry goes way back in time, all the way to 6,000 years B.C., that is 8020 years ago. The first evidence found in the cotton industry is in India and Pakistan. Scientists believe that the cotton was first cultivated in the Indus Delta. The species used in ancient South Asia were Gossypium herbaceum and Gossypium arboreum which originated in India and Africa. At a later date cotton production spread to Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Nubia. It was only in the 1st century, when Arab traders brought their cotton products to Italy and Spain, that the fiber was introduced in Europe. During the late medieval time, cotton also became known in northern Europe. By the end of the 16th century, cotton was already cultivated throughout the warmer regions in Asia and America. The newly discovered species were introduced to Africa in the 18th century and later spread to India, Pakistan, and China, where they replaced traditional varieties. The Industrial Revolution brought about the invention of the spinning machine (1738) and the cotton gin (1793), providing a great boost to cotton manufacture, first of all in England. Manchester acquired the nickname "cotton polos" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city. Till the middle of the 19th century, India was the main provider of cotton fiber for Europe’s cotton industries. By then, cotton had become the backbone of the southern North American economy, which was essentially based on slavery work. Due to the higher quality of American cotton (longer and stronger fibers) and its cheaper price, European textile manufacturers started purchasing cotton from American plantations. In China, today’s ICE Futures U.S. (formerly the New York Board of Trade, New York Cotton Exchange) world largest cotton producer. In the late 1970s, the Chinese Government took measures to encourage cotton production by subsidizing inputs and offering procurement funds. As a consequence, cotton production rose from 10 million bales in 1979 to nearly 29 million bales in 1984 (1 bale = 500 lbs or 226.8 kg).
History of leather
Leather is one of man’s earliest and most useful discoveries. Our ancestors used leather to protect themselves from the elements. Primitive man hunted wild animals for food, then made clothing, footwear, and crude tents from the hides. Like then, hides used today are a by-product. Animals are raised for the meat, dairy and wool industries, not for their hides. Roughly half of all leather produced today is used to make shoes and about 25% for clothing. Upholstery demands only around 15% of the total product. Wall paintings and artifacts in Egyptian tombs dating back to 5000 B.C. indicate that leather was used for sandals, clothes, gloves, buckets, bottles, shrouds for burying the dead, and for military equipment. The ancient Greeks are credited with developing tanning formulas using certain tree barks and leaves soaked in water to preserve the leather. This was the first record of vegetable tanned leather, which became a well-established trade in Greece around 500 B.C. Vegetable tanned leathers are still produced today and remain an active ingredient in modern tannages. The Romans made extensive use of leather for footwear, clothes, and military equipment including shields, saddles, and harnesses. Due to its durability and comfort, leather has been used for seating throughout the history of transportation and furniture. It has always been the ideal material for making saddles and tack, as well as footwear. During the Middle Ages, leather became the cover of choice for dining chairs, because it was easy to maintain and did not absorb the odor of food. The spread of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries created a demand for new kinds of leathers, such as belting leathers to drive machinery. The invention of the automobile, the demand for softer, lightweight footwear with a fashionable appearance, and a general rise in the standard of living created a demand for soft, supple, colorful leather. The traditional vegetable tanned leather was too hard and thick for these requirements and thus, the use of chromium salt was adopted and chrome tanning became the standard for modern footwear, fashion, and upholstery leathers. Modern technology has allowed for innovation in the leather industry, as the development of chemicals and sophisticated processing methods have greatly expanded the aesthetics and feel of leather as well as the possible applications. Leather continues to be the material of choice, not just for commercial and residential furniture but for automotive, aviation, and marine applications as well.
Leather is one of man’s earliest and most useful discoveries. Our ancestors used leather to protect themselves from the elements. Primitive man hunted wild animals for food, then made clothing, footwear, and crude tents from the hides. Like then, hides used today are a by-product. Animals are raised for the meat, dairy and wool industries, not for their hides. Roughly half of all leather produced today is used to make shoes and about 25% for clothing. Upholstery demands only around 15% of the total product. Wall paintings and artifacts in Egyptian tombs dating back to 5000 B.C. indicate that leather was used for sandals, clothes, gloves, buckets, bottles, shrouds for burying the dead, and for military equipment. The ancient Greeks are credited with developing tanning formulas using certain tree barks and leaves soaked in water to preserve the leather. This was the first record of vegetable tanned leather, which became a well-established trade in Greece around 500 B.C. Vegetable tanned leathers are still produced today and remain an active ingredient in modern tannages. The Romans made extensive use of leather for footwear, clothes, and military equipment including shields, saddles, and harnesses. Due to its durability and comfort, leather has been used for seating throughout the history of transportation and furniture. It has always been the ideal material for making saddles and tack, as well as footwear. During the Middle Ages, leather became the cover of choice for dining chairs, because it was easy to maintain and did not absorb the odor of food. The spread of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries created a demand for new kinds of leathers, such as belting leathers to drive machinery. The invention of the automobile, the demand for softer, lightweight footwear with a fashionable appearance, and a general rise in the standard of living created a demand for soft, supple, colorful leather. The traditional vegetable tanned leather was too hard and thick for these requirements and thus, the use of chromium salt was adopted and chrome tanning became the standard for modern footwear, fashion, and upholstery leathers. Modern technology has allowed for innovation in the leather industry, as the development of chemicals and sophisticated processing methods have greatly expanded the aesthetics and feel of leather as well as the possible applications. Leather continues to be the material of choice, not just for commercial and residential furniture but for automotive, aviation, and marine applications as well.
Effect on the environment from cotton
When you own a piece of clothing that is made of cotton you do not disturb the environment by wearing it. The damage has been done already when it was made in the factories. Let's start at the beginning. The farms that grow raw materials used to make fabrics, including crops like cotton, flax, and hemp, require a lot of water. In fact, cotton is an especially thirsty plant. In addition, to protect these valuable crops, some farmers use lots of pesticides and herbicides that end up in the environment. Again, cotton is a big culprit, being one of the most pesticide-intensive crops in the world. Making textiles also involves activities like bleaching, dyeing, and washing that use lots of water. Such processes produce salts, surfactants, which help dyes penetrate fabrics, and other surface-active agents, like detergent, that don't decompose, so they end up in our water. Dyeing and printing also sometimes involve dangerous chemicals and substances like arsenic, lead, and mercury.
Effect on the environment from leather
As currently practiced, leather production is linked to some serious sustainability issues, not least as a by-product of the meat industry. Extensive rearing of livestock has severe environmental impacts such as deforestation, water and land overuse, and gas emissions. Clearing of the Amazon for cattle ranching, including for leather, is contributing to climate change. The Sustainable Apparel Coalition’s Higg Materials Sustainability Index – which measures impact up to the point of fabrication – gives most leathers an impact of 159 (compared with 44 for polyester and 98 for cotton), due to its high contribution to global warming and water use and pollution. Tanning is the most toxic phase in leather processing, with 90 percent of production using chromium tanning. Hides are doused in drums of water, chromium salts, and tanning liquor to stop them decomposing and to give a supple, color-fast leather. It produces a slush of chemicals and gases, including carcinogenic chromium (IV). This is so noxious that strict regulations governing it have forced the closure of tanneries in the US and Europe. In developing countries, the untreated effluent, potentially laced with chromium, lead, arsenic, and acids, often flows directly into local waterways. Tannery workers – including children as young as 10 in some countries – risk severe side- effects from exposure to these toxic substances. Acute effects include irritation to the mouth, airways, and eyes; skin reactions; digestive problems, kidney or liver damage; long-term cancer and reproductive problems.
Social connections
Do cotton and leather connect us with each other? Yes, when you buy it at a shop you pay for it. Or when something broke or there is a hole in it you might go somewhere where they can repair it.
Are there advertisements for cotton and leather?
Are there advertisements for cotton? Yes, but mostly when it has already been made into a shirt for example. There are a lot of stores where you can buy clothes made of cotton.
Are there advertisements for leather? Yes, This can be either for clothes, shoes, and furniture, for example, couches or seats, sneakers, jackets, etc. There are a lot of stores where you can buy products like these. Some very popular ones and some more local.
How do they advertise their products? You can apply for their newsletter with all the latest news about their company. For instance, if there is a new collection if there are only a few left of a particular product or when there is a sale coming up. They also advertise their products through posters on walls in the city or on aboard.
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