Wiskunde samenvatting Numbers And Space 3 vwo

Mathematics summary

Chapter one: Linear Relationships

1. Linear equations

Solving an equation by ensuring that the variables only appear on the left-hand side:

10x-4=7x+20

10x-7x=20+4

When you move terms to the other side of the = sign, negative numbers become positive and positive numbers become negative.

How to solve linear equations:

1. Multiply out the brackets
2. All terms containing x to the left-hand side and the rest to the right-hand side
3. Simplify both sides
4. Divide by the number in front of the x.

1. Inequalities

4(a-3) ≥ 4-3(5-a)                                           This is a linear inequality.

4a-12 ≥ 4-15+3a

4a-3a≥4-15+12

a ≥ 1

When you divide by a negative number, the > and < symbols are flipped.

Solving an inequality works the same as solving a linear equation. Except that the last step could be to flip the < and > symbol.

X2 > 16 is a quadratic inequality. It results in x < -4 or x > 4.

The solutions to x2 < 16 lie between -4 and 4.

X lies between -4 and 4.

-4 < x < 4.

Leave square roots such as √2 as they are.

X2 < -16 no solutions                                           X2 > -16 any x has a solution.

X2 ≤ -16 no solutions                                           X2 ≥ -16 any x is a solution.

1. Linear formulas

If there is a linear relationship between x and y, it will be in the form of y=ax+b.

• The graph is a straight line.
• If you go 1 step to the right, you will go up a steps.
• The point of intersection with the y-axis is (0,b), so the y intercept is b.

When N=0.75t+1. The t-axis is the horizontal axis and the N-axis the vertical one. The graph intersects the N-axis (0,1). If you go 1 step to the right, you must go up 0.75 steps.

Draw line l: y = -0.25x + 2. Point of intersection is A(0,2) on the y axis. Then use;

•  X = 4    results in y = -25 x 4 + 2 = 1. Therefore B(4,1).
• Or a = -0.25 means 1 to the right and 0.25 down. For example,  4 to the right and 1 down.

How to generate a formula for a line:

You start with y=ax+b. b is the point of intersection with the y axis. Then select two coordinates of a grid point and divide them.

A = Vertical : Horizontal.

Lines l : y = 2x + 3 and m : y = 2x -8 are parallel because a is the same in both formulas.

For example:

Point A(4, -5) lies on line m : y = -3x + b. Calculate b.

How to work it out:

M : y = -3x + b

A (4, -5) on m. à -3 x 4 + b = -5.

                                 -12 + b = -5.

                                 b = -5 + 12.

                                 b = 7.

Generate the formula for line l which is parallel to line m : y = 5x – 1 and passes through point B(3,8).

How to work it out:

You know that l : y = ax+b.

l is parallel to m : y = 5x – 1, therefore a = 5.

The result is l : y = 5x + b

B(3,8) on l. à 5 x 3 + b = 8.

                          15 + b = 8.

                          b = 8-15

                          b = -7.

Therefor  l : y = 5x – 7.

1. Linear Functions

In 12 à 32, 12 is called the argument and 32 is the image. The arrow points from the argument to the image. Such a machine is called a function.

2x + 8 : x à 2x + 8.

Another one: x  à -2x + 6. For this function, the image 5 is equal to -2 x 5 + 6 = -10 + 6 = -4. Therefore 5 à -4.

With functions, we call the argument x and the image y.

So the function x à 2x + 5 means the same as the formula y = 2x + 5.

Let’s name the function f.  The image of 4 is equal to 2 x 4 + 5 = 13. f(4) = 13.

Function f is given by x à 5x – 12. The function value of 3 is f(3) = 5 x 3 – 12 = 15 – 12 = 3. The function value of a random x is f(x) = 5x – 12. We call f(x) = 5x – 12 the brackets notation of f.

Brackets notation: f(x) = 3x + 1.

Y = 3x  + 1.

Functions such as f(x) = 3x – 1, g(x) = -x + 5 and h(x) = 5x are examples of linear functions. General form of a linear equation: f(x) =  ax+b.

For the graph of function f the following applies:

x-intercept        The y-coordinate is 0.

                            The x-coordinate follows from f(x) = 0.

                            The x-intercept is the solution to f(x) = 0.

y-intercept        The x-coordinate is 0.

                            The y-coordinate is f(0)

                            Therefore the y-intercept is f(0).

The x-coordinate follows from f(x) = g(x).

The y-coordinate is found by filling in the solution on f(x) or g(x).

1. Sum and difference graphs

When you add up 2 graphs, the new graph is called the sum graph. Then you can also draw the difference graph.

You only need two points to draw a sum graph when the sum graph is a straight line.