Chapter 1: Discoverers and Reformers
Part 1: A New Age
§1.2 ; What was the Renaissance?
Renaissance literally mean ‘re-birth’. Historians use that phrase when they talk about the time when classical Greece and Rome were re-discovered. The Renaissance started in Italy (in Florence) in the 15th century and spread across Europe. It’s logical the Renaissance started in Italy because the Romans lived there. We call the period ‘the Renaissance’ because the way people looked at the world was changing, re-discovering.
The five main causes for the start of the Renaissance were:
The invention of printing press (books could be produced quickly and easily to spread new and classical ideas)
Merchants and travelers journeyed over the known world, so they could pick up new ideas.
The growth of universities spread the study of classical works.
Education and literacy (=being able to read and write) became more important.
Rulers, churchmen and merchants wanted to encourage art and scholarship and they had the money to become patrons(=someone who gives help, usually financial, to someone who needs it)
The term ‘Renaissance man’ is someone who is interested in, and has studied, many subjects and knows a lot about them. An alternative phrase of ‘Renaissance man’ is an ‘Uomo Universalis’(=universal person who knows a lot about different subjects). Examples of ‘Renaissance men’ are Leonardo Da Vinci and Nicholas Copernicus. ‘Renaissance men’ needed patrons to employ them.
§1.3 ; Renaissance in the low countries
The northern Renaissance is the term for the Renaissance in northern Europe, the low countries. Cities such as Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent and Brussels became centres of the northern Renaissance because they were full of wealthy and important people who could employ artists, architects and scholars.
Biblical art was mainly known for the low countries. The artists of Antwerp adopted the new ideas, like perspective, but also kept painting their old religious subjects.
Most of Pieter Brueghel’s paintings showed the lives of ordinary people and landscape of low countries. Wealthy people from all over Europe wanted to buy his paintings. They were especially popular in the low countries. Pieter Brueghel joined the Antwerp painters guild in 1551.
§1.4 ; Printing
Factors play in paper being available in Western Europe:
Trade ; the Chinese kept the skills secret so the Europeans had to buy it by trading.
War ; news etc. could spread out quicker.
Demand ; otherwise they wouldn’t buy it.
The first printing was block printing which was not good enough to reproduce books because it was very hard to carve it. The Dutch printers aren’t credited like Coster with inventing printing because their quality was poor.
The use of printing press was a change and not a development because nothing like that was there before. The period of 1471-1480 was the important period in the development of printing because in that period the most printer’s workshops were.
The Netherlands became the centre of book-printing in the 17th century because Dutch could publish books that English or Spanish couldn’t. They were censored
§1.6 ; Vesalius
Paracelsus who was a vain man(=a person who is vain over-values something about themselves and thinks about it too much), was most interested in finding treatments for people who were sick. He said that only reading don’t makes you a doctor. So he did anatomy(=the study of the human body) by cutting open a real human body.
Vesalius, also a vain man wrote the book: ‘On the Fabric of the Human Body’. Which was an important book because his drawings had a high quality and he could show them exactly what he saw. The book became the standard work for the doctors throughout Europe because they were all accurate.
§1.7 ; Exploration and Trade
In 1459 an Italian monk, Brother Mauro drew a map of the world as it was known to Europeans at the time. He obtained his knowledge by gathering for information about how the world looked like.
Explorers hoped to find products like luxury goods and spices. There were many motives for the explorers to go:
Economic motive ; e.g. selling luxury goods
Political motive ; e.g. wanting new colonies
Religious motive ; e.g. converting new people to Christianity
Monarchs of European countries became patrons of explorers because exploration was very expensive.
There were technological improvements that enabled explorers to sail farther than before, e.g. caravels and navigation.
= the division of the world according to the Treaty of Tordesillas.
= the Spanish route to India.
= the Portuguese route to India.
Part 1: A New Age
§1.2 ; What was the Renaissance?
Renaissance literally mean ‘re-birth’. Historians use that phrase when they talk about the time when classical Greece and Rome were re-discovered. The Renaissance started in Italy (in Florence) in the 15th century and spread across Europe. It’s logical the Renaissance started in Italy because the Romans lived there. We call the period ‘the Renaissance’ because the way people looked at the world was changing, re-discovering.
The five main causes for the start of the Renaissance were:
Merchants and travelers journeyed over the known world, so they could pick up new ideas.
The growth of universities spread the study of classical works.
Education and literacy (=being able to read and write) became more important.
Rulers, churchmen and merchants wanted to encourage art and scholarship and they had the money to become patrons(=someone who gives help, usually financial, to someone who needs it)
The term ‘Renaissance man’ is someone who is interested in, and has studied, many subjects and knows a lot about them. An alternative phrase of ‘Renaissance man’ is an ‘Uomo Universalis’(=universal person who knows a lot about different subjects). Examples of ‘Renaissance men’ are Leonardo Da Vinci and Nicholas Copernicus. ‘Renaissance men’ needed patrons to employ them.
§1.3 ; Renaissance in the low countries
The northern Renaissance is the term for the Renaissance in northern Europe, the low countries. Cities such as Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent and Brussels became centres of the northern Renaissance because they were full of wealthy and important people who could employ artists, architects and scholars.
Biblical art was mainly known for the low countries. The artists of Antwerp adopted the new ideas, like perspective, but also kept painting their old religious subjects.
Most of Pieter Brueghel’s paintings showed the lives of ordinary people and landscape of low countries. Wealthy people from all over Europe wanted to buy his paintings. They were especially popular in the low countries. Pieter Brueghel joined the Antwerp painters guild in 1551.
Factors play in paper being available in Western Europe:
Trade ; the Chinese kept the skills secret so the Europeans had to buy it by trading.
War ; news etc. could spread out quicker.
Demand ; otherwise they wouldn’t buy it.
The first printing was block printing which was not good enough to reproduce books because it was very hard to carve it. The Dutch printers aren’t credited like Coster with inventing printing because their quality was poor.
The use of printing press was a change and not a development because nothing like that was there before. The period of 1471-1480 was the important period in the development of printing because in that period the most printer’s workshops were.
The Netherlands became the centre of book-printing in the 17th century because Dutch could publish books that English or Spanish couldn’t. They were censored
§1.6 ; Vesalius
Paracelsus who was a vain man(=a person who is vain over-values something about themselves and thinks about it too much), was most interested in finding treatments for people who were sick. He said that only reading don’t makes you a doctor. So he did anatomy(=the study of the human body) by cutting open a real human body.
Vesalius, also a vain man wrote the book: ‘On the Fabric of the Human Body’. Which was an important book because his drawings had a high quality and he could show them exactly what he saw. The book became the standard work for the doctors throughout Europe because they were all accurate.
In 1459 an Italian monk, Brother Mauro drew a map of the world as it was known to Europeans at the time. He obtained his knowledge by gathering for information about how the world looked like.
Explorers hoped to find products like luxury goods and spices. There were many motives for the explorers to go:
Economic motive ; e.g. selling luxury goods
Political motive ; e.g. wanting new colonies
Religious motive ; e.g. converting new people to Christianity
Monarchs of European countries became patrons of explorers because exploration was very expensive.
There were technological improvements that enabled explorers to sail farther than before, e.g. caravels and navigation.
= the division of the world according to the Treaty of Tordesillas.
= the Spanish route to India.
= the Portuguese route to India.
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