SMV §1 en 2

Geography

§1

America was discovered about 200 years before the actual migration started. English migrants made colonies in the east of America. In 1776 they became independent, and so the United States of America was formed.
More and more migrants moved in, and so the frontier moved to the west.
The government thought that the colonisation was going to slow. They
● Gave each immigrant over 21 a piece of land, on condition he/she would live there for at least five years.
● Gave free strips of land to railway compagnies, so they could build more railroads to the west.
While the colonisators moved to the west, they were confronted with different landscapes:
- Appalachians
- Desert
- Mountains
- Rivers
- Waterfalls

There are very different climates in the US. This is because it has mountain ranges on the west and east, therefore the ocean’s influence doesn’t go far inland.
At the north and south there are no mountains, so in the winter America has cold polar winds, and in the summer warm winds from the south.

Geo Guides

32:
The differences in temperature around the earth are caused by a number of factors:
- Latitude
- Altitude
- Distance to the sea
- Prevailing winds and ocean currents
- Distance to mountains

33:
Latitude has an important effect on the temperature. At high latitude it’s cold. At low latitude it’s warm. This has to do with the angle of the sunlight on the earth. Perpendicular sunbeams give off more heat.

37:
Land gets warmer and colder than water. Land also cools down faster than water.
Above the sea, air will never be very warm or cold, because the sea has a moderating effect on the temperature.
Above land, air can be very warm or cold.

38:
In the winter a north-easterly wind brings frost, and a south-westerly wind brings warmth.
In the summer an easterly wind brings higher temperatures than a westerly wind.
- An onshore wind makes cooler summers and milder winters
- An offshore wind makes summers warmer and winters cooler.

39:
If the wind above the sea blows in one direction you’ll get ocean currents. An ocean current affects the temperature because it brings warm tropical seawater to the polar regions, and the other way around.

40:
Wind can transport warm or cold air. But mountains can prevent the wind from going further.

45:
Precipitation deals with rising air. The higher you get, the colder it becomes. Cold air can hold less water than warm air.
Air rises because it is heated. But air can’t rise forever, so at a high altitude it flows away to the north or south.

51:
Zone A - Tropical vegetation
Zone B - Desert vegetation
Bw
Bs
Zone C - Area with deciduous trees
Cs Mediterranean climate
Zone D - Area with coniferous trees
Zone E - Area with tundra or perpetual snow

Lower case letters can be added to zones A, C and D:
f No dry period
s Summer dry season
w Winter dry season
Aw is for example a savanna climate.

Bold words

Frontier
Edge of a settled country
Colonisation
Control over an area or another country
Hurricanes
A storm which moves over water
Tornado
A violent wind storm characterized by a twisting, funnel-shaped cloud

§2

America is a multicultural society because immigrants come from whole over the world. Normally when you decide to emigrate, there are push and pull factors.
Migrants in the US:
- Indians
Original in habitants, live in the mountain regions
- Europeans
Largest group, went to America because it was an empty continent. People moved to escape poverty and unemployment
- Afro-Americans
Descendants of African slaves
- Hispanics (latinos)
Immigrants from Latin America. They are poor in their own country. Most of them have never been to school, so they do simple jobs with low wages
- Asians
After 1965 a lot Asian immigrants came, because before that they weren’t allowed. Many Asian immigrants became succesful in the US

The American government wants immigrants to adapt as soon as possible, they are encouraged to adopt the national culture. And so immigrants all end up in one melting pot. Which was a good thing before the end of the 19th century, because then immigrants came from Western Europe, and adapted very easily. Later on immigrants came from everywhere, and the all settled in their own seperate neighbourhoods. These were called ethnic neighbourhoods. America is not a melting pot, but a ethnic mosaic.
About 80% of the immigrants moves to the US to join their family.

Geo Guides

97:
The changes in the population size are caused by two factors:
1. Natural in- and decrease (birth and death)
2. Migration
An area has a positive net migration if the number of people settling in that area is bigger than the number of people leaving (departing).

103:
International migration is moving to another country. There are two forms: Emigration and immigration.
There are 3 reasons for international migration:
1. Economic reasons (work and money)
2. Political reasons (killed in own country, freedom)
3. Religion (not allowed to have religion)

109:
A first generation immigrant is someone who’s born abroad.
A second generation immigrant in someone who’s parent(s) are/were born abroad.
If both your parents are born in the country you live in, you are a native.
We say that you’re an immigrant when you have a Dutch passport. Otherwise you are a foreigner or alien.

110:
The inhabitants of the Netherlands do not all share the same culture. This means that the Dutch society is multicultural.
Groups with cultures different from the western cultures are calles cultural minorities or ethnic minorities.

Bold words

Pull factor
A factor in migration which says the better sides of your new country
Push factor
A factor in migration which forces you to emigrate
Assimilation
Adapting as much as possible, and adapt the national culture