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British English versus American English: Grammar

Beoordeling 1.6
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  • 6e klas aso | 3907 woorden
  • 8 juli 2013
  • 53 keer beoordeeld
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53 keer beoordeeld

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Research competence

British English versus American English

Grammar

CONTENT

CONTENT  2

INTRODUCTION.. 3

1                 Verbs. 4

1.1             Past Tenses. 4

1.1.1         Simple Past. 4

1.2             Present Tenses. 4

1.2.1         Present Perfect. 4

1.3             Future Tenses. 4

1.3.1         Verbs shall and take. 4

1.3.2         Verbs shall and should. 5

1.4             Verbs have and take. 5

2                 Collective and proper nouns and their verbs. 5

3                 Adverbs. 5

3.1             Use. 5

4                 Adjectives. 6

4.1             Use. 6

5                 Possession. 6

6                 Spelling. 7

7                 Prepositions. 8

7.1             Use. 8

7.2             Order. 8

8                 Punctuation. 9

SOURCES  10

 

 INTRODUCTION

The topic of our research competence is British  versus American English. We chose to unveil the differences between British and American English grammar.

We are going to talk about verbs. Not only in the past tense, but also in the future tense. Further on the collective and proper nouns will be explained. We are also going to talk about the adverbs, adjectives and possession. Time will also be given to examine spelling and prepositions. The last subject of this research competence will be punctuation.

 

 

 

1                       Verbs

 

1.1                Past Tenses

 

1.1.1         Simple Past

 

When we form the Simple Past, we usually add –ed to the verb and drop the “to”, for example waited (to wait), worked (to work) and watched (watch). There are several exceptions like saw (to see) and had (to have). Verbs like learn, smell and spell belong to another category, we can either add –ed or –t. In American English, the regular -ed form is always used in the past participle of the verbs like lean (leaned), learn (learned), smell (smelled), spell (spelled), and often used with the verbs burn (burned) and dream (dreamed). These forms are sometimes used in British English too, but British speakers most often use the forms leant, learnt, smelt, spelt,

burnt, and dreamt . So, they use the irregular form.

There are also verbs which are regular in British English and irregular in American English, for example fit (fitted in British English and fit in American English), the verb to dive also follow this rule.

 

 

 

1.2                Present Tenses

 

1.2.1         Present Perfect

 

In British and American English we use the Present Perfect to express an action that has happened in the recent past and has an effect on the present. For example: I have lost my keys, I need them to go to work. In American English it is also possible to say: I lost my keys. In British English this would be incorrect. We form the Present Perfect by the conjugation of the verb have and the past participle.

The Present Perfect is mostly indicated by adverbs as never, yet and already. The difference between American English and British English is the place of the adverb. In American English you can place the adverb before or after the past participle. In British English you can only place it after the Past Participle. For example in American English you can either say: I already have had lunch today or I have already had lunch today. In British English it is only possible to say: I have already had lunch today.

We can also say that Americans use the Present Perfect tense less than speakers of British English. This could depend on the view on time. For an American yesterday is a long time ago whereas it is in the recent past for a Brit. For example an American would say I went to work on Monday while a British speaker would say I have gone to work on Monday.

 

 

1.3                Future Tenses

 

1.3.1         Verbs shall and take

 

In British English it is normal to use the verb shall when you talk in the first person about the future. In American English this is not a very common way, for Americans do not often use the verb shall in their sentences.

 

For example the British English sentence I shall never read any other book. In American English the verb shall will become the verb will, making the sentence I will never read any other book.


1.3.2         Verbs shall and should

 

If you ask for advice, an opinion or make an offer in British English, it is most of the times by using the verb shall. For American English this does not apply, there the form should is more popular to use.

Like the question Shall I compare thee to a Summer’s day? will turn in American English in Should I compare thee to a Summer’s day?. The meaning of the sentence has changed by using a different verb. The verb shall expresses an action which takes place in the future, while the verb should expresses a recommendation.

 

 

1.4                 Verbs have and take

 

In British English the verb have is often used as a delexical verb. This means having little or no meaning on its own, but it is used in combination with an object noun which describes an activity. For example have in the British English sentence I’d like to have a bath is most of the times switched with take in American English. Which changes the sentence to I’d like to take a bath.

 

 

2                       Collective and proper nouns and their verbs

                                  

In British English, singular nouns that describe multiple people are mostly treated as plural. But in American English the singular form is usually used. For example in British English you would say The team are happy and in American English you would say The team is happy. But Americans prefer the use of the plural form when the individual membership is clear, for example, The team take their seats (not The team takes its seats). When we read a text we see that phrases are often reformed to avoid the singular/plural decision, so you would say The team members take their seats. The difference applies for all collective nouns such as team, people and company. It also applies on proper nouns e.g. James, Tuesday, The President and London. Proper nouns, which are plural in form, have a plural verb in both American and British English. For example if you talk about a band (proper noun) in British English you say The Clash are a well-known band. But if you would say this in American English you would say The Clash is a well-known band,

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because Americans prefer to use the singular form when you describe a group.

When the proper noun is already in plural, the verb also is in plural in both American and British English such as The Beatles are a well-known band.

 

 

 

3                       Adverbs

 

3.1                Use

 

We use an adverb to modify a verb, an adjective or another adverb. An adverb gives us information about the manner, time, circumstances of the activity denoted by the verb. In non-formal American English we can use adjectives as an adverb, for example a real good game. However this is spoken language. In formal American English or British English we use adverbs, for example a really good game.

 

There are a few differences between the use of adverbs in American English and British English. For example the word with can in American English also be used as an adverb: I will come with instead I will come along, in British English it is not possible. In American English you can freely add the suffix -s to morning, Sunday, night, day to form an adverb. This rule has roots in old English but is now considered as American English.

 

You can also use adverbs in American English, which are more freely to position. They can either be placed in front of auxiliary verbs or behind them, while the meaning of the sentences remains the same. For example, we can either say: We never will be late or We will never be late. In British English adverbs are usually placed behind the first auxiliary verb. For example: We will never be late.

 

 

4                       Adjectives

 

4.1                Use

 

The difference between American English and British English is not that they use different adjectives but some adjectives have a different meaning, for example “quite”. When Americans use “quite” before an adjective they mean “very”, but when a Brit uses “quite” he means “somewhat”. Another example: In British English, “to” and “from” are used with the adjective different, e.g. This house looks different to anything else. In American English “from” and “than” are used with the adjective different, e. g. This house looks different than anything else.

 

 

5                       Possession

 

There are two ways to express possession in English: you could either use have or have got. Both forms are accepted in American English and British English, but have got is preferred in British English while Americans prefer to use have. For example a Brit would say: I have got a cat while an American would say I have a cat

The same is also true when we talk about obligation. For example in British English you would say I have got to go to the meeting while in American English you would say I have to go to the meeting.

 

 


6                       Spelling

 

There is no doubt that there are general spelling differences between American English and British English. Many of these differences occurred when England was under the reign of a French King who forced his language upon the British people. Americans chose to spell words more based on how they phonetically sound, as well as leave some letters out.

 

In British English it is more likely to find words with -our than in American English where words tend to be written instead with -or. Thus leaving the u out. For example the words colour, humour and honour in British English will be found in American English written like color, humor and honor.

 

The same stands for the British words ending with -re as in centimetre, theatre and centre. These endings are written with -e in American English and so become centimeter, theater and center.

Two or three vowels huddled together are often simplified in American English. Take for example the word gynaecology. The -ae in the British spelling will be simplified in the American spelling and become gynecology with only an -e.

This system works the same for the British English -oe and -oeu, so making them -o and -eu in American English. Two fitting examples: the British oestregon and manoeuvre becoming American estrogen and maneuver.

 

The British -ogue is almost never found in the American English spelling, for it turns into -og. Take for instance the following words: catalogue and dialogue turn into the simplified words catalog and dialog. The spelling differences become extremely difficult when both dialects use both forms of difference. This can be applied to the British -ise as in apologise, analyse and colonisation versus the American -ize as in apologize, analyze and colonization. The Brits as well as the Americans use both forms of spelling in this situation, but tend to go with the -ise form. Except when this difference can be found in the end of the word or prior to an -y, then the Americans will choose the -ize form.

 

Another s-sounding difference can be seen in the British words ending with -ence as in defence and pretence. These will be written with an -s, making it defense and pretense in the American spelling. When to use one -l or a double -ll was tricky enough when thinking only of the English spelling, but in American spelling a single -l always turns into a double -ll. One exception on this rule occurs when the last syllable is stressed as in traveling.

 

You know by now that there are many spelling differences between British English and American English, but we haven’t been over them all. In America they won’t say judgement day with -dge or arguement with

-gue, but rather say judgment day with -dg and argument with -gu. In England they won’t say a bank with a -k or a check with -ck as they do in America, but they will write them as banque and cheque with -que. While Americans watch a program written as –gram, Brits will turn on the telly to watch their programme written as -gramme.

 

Next to the general differences that can be found, there is also talk of miscellaneous spelling differences. Like the word mum in British English is written with an -o in American English turning the word into momAgeing with -ge doesn’t happen in America, but aging with only a -g does.

 

 


7                       Prepositions

 

7.1                Use

 

The use of prepositions is different if you use British English or American English. Small words like "at", "to", or "from" will be changed for other small words.

 

In British English the word "at" is used with many expressions indicating time. For example the British would say at Christmas, at five 'o' clock or at the weekend. While in America the English speaking population would rather use the word "on" when they are talking about a time indication.

Another example: Will they still be there on the weekend? or She'll be coming home on weekends.

 

When talking about places like universities or institutions in British English the word used is "at", but in American English "at" is often changed for "in". How they would say She studied chemistry at university. In America is as followed She studied chemistry in university.

In British English "to" and "from" are used with the adjective different. So when having a conversation about a place difference, it will be said as This place is different from/to anything I've seen before. "To" and "from" are not used in American English if the adjective is different, they would insert the words "from" and "than". Making the sentence as followed: This place is different from/than anything I've seen before.

To place the word "to" after the verb write is normal in British English, but not in American English. There you don’t have to place the "to". So in American English the British English sentence I promised to write to her every day. Will become I promised to write her every day. The same counts for the British expression stay at home becoming the shorter American version stay home. The reverse counts for American English check something out, visit with somebody and He is in the hospital  will simply become in British English check something, visit somebody and He is in hospital.

When talking about sports in the United Kingdom, you won’t be saying Shaquille O'Neal is on the basketball team, but rather say Shaquille is in the basketball team.

 

In American English the word "through" can mean "up to" and "including" as in Monday through Friday. While in British English Monday to Friday means "including.

 

If you use the word heat as in the meaning of mating season, it is used in British English with "on" as in In spring animals are on heat, but in American English with "in" as in In spring animals are in heat.

 

The verb enroll is in British English matched up with "on" and in American English with "in". For example He enrolls on a course will be He enrolls in a course in American English.

 

Other differences between the two English forms can be found when talking about time:

In England they will say a quarter past one, while an American will say a quarter after one. The British a quarter to two will become a quarter of two in America.

 

 

7.2                Order

 

The difference in order of the prepositions in British English and American English is not that major. But in the old days before 1960 British English speaking gentlemen would frequently utter the sentence I have a coat on, while in American English they would rather say I have on a coat. Nowadays both sentences are spoken in either British or American English, only I have a coat on can be found on a more frequent basis in the United Kingdom.

 

 

8                       Punctuation

 

A very important difference between American English and British English is the use of question marks. In British English you can only use single question marks (‘x’) for primary quotes while in American English you use double question marks (“x”) for primary quotes.

 

To make things more difficult, for quotes within quotes Americans use single question marks (‘x’) and British use double question marks (“x”).

 

Even more confusing is the use of commas and periods inside question marks. In British English commas and periods are outside closing quotes and in American English are they placed inside closing quotes.

For example in British English you would write: My sister said, ‘You should go out’. When you want to write the same sentence in American English you have to write: My sister said, ”You should go out”.

For example in British English you would write: My sister said, ‘You should go out’. When you want to write the same sentence in American English you have to write: My sister said, ”You should go out”.

 

Another difference appears when writing a letter. When you write an informal letter in American English a comma follows after the salutation, for example (Dear James,). When you want to write an formal letter in American English a colon follows (Dear James: ). In British English a comma follows in both cases, after the salutation of an informal or a formal letter.

 

A lot of people like to use “e.g.” and “i.e.”. They both have a different meaning “e.g.” means for example and “i.e.” means that is. In American English a comma follows after you use one of the abbreviations. In British English there is no comma used.

 

When we talk about abbreviations they are also different in American English and British English. After a abbreviation you use a period in American English for example (Mr. and Mrs.). But in British English you don’t use a comma for example (Mr and Mrs).

 

SOURCES

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McCreary, D., American and British English, internet, 12 October 2008, (http://www.macmillandictionaries.com/MED-Magazine/October2003/12-language-awareness-british-american-us.htm).

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