Gesch h1+2
‘Liber’ means free, the liberals want(ed) freedom, free from king’s power. Their “leader” was Thorbecke.
King Willem II was a conservative man (= he didn’t like changes). Alarmed in 1848 by Liberal revolutions, he converted from a conservative to a liberal overnight. The Netherlands became a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, based on liberal ideas.
It was a monarchy but all responsibility for government rested on the shoulders of the ministers. That is why the king was inviolable (onschendbaar). The ministers had a ‘ministeriële verantwoordlijkheid’ that means that they would be accountable to the parliament (1e+2e kamer).
In 1849 Willem III became king. He asked Thorbecke to form a cabinet for four years. Thorbecke became prime minister. (after 5 years, in 1853, elections were held and a new cabinet was formed).
There came conflicts between Willem III and the parliament about who was in the end in charge of the Netherlands. The parliament won. Since 1868 the Netherlands has been a constitutional monarchy, with a fully developed parliamentary system. So
a cabinet should be supported by a majority of the Tweede Kamer. (like now the CDA, VVD and D66) so that it’s a ‘parlementair kabinet’ instead of a ‘koninklijk kabinet’. A cabinet should ask for its dismissal to the king, when it’s in conflict with the parliament. ---- so the liberals wanted freedom, in 1848 Nl became a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, the ministers were responsible and accountable to parliament. There came a cabinet (all ministers representing their parties in 2e kamer)---- 1919, the Netherlands changed from a constitutional monarchy with fully developed parliamentary system, to a parliamentary democracy. The constitution changed so every Dutch citizen 21+ could vote. (algemeen kiesrecht - universal suffrage). By the end of the 19th century the 3 most important groups in the 2e kamer were Liberals (like D66), Socialists (like SP) and Christian (like CDA) parties. The French philosopher Montesquieu wrote in his book in 1748 about the separation of powers. He wrote about the legislative, executive and judicial powers. According to Montesquieu, the legislature, executive, and judiciary should not be under control of one person, or a small group of people. If this is the case, a country is a dictatorship. His idea of the separation of these powers (‘trias politica’) is the foundation of all modern western democracies. Also the Dutch political system is based on this idea. Legislative power!!! (wetgevende macht) The legislative power is the power to make laws. It’s ‘done’ by the 1e and 2e kamer. The 1e kamer has four rights. The 2e kamer has those 4 + 2. The 1e kamer has: Begrotingsrecht - reject or accept budget proposals (recht om budget voorstellen aantenemen of niet) Recht van interpellatie - ask questions to cabinet on non-current issues (vragen stellen over niet-actuele onderwerpen) Vraagrecht - ask questions to cabinet on current issues (vragen stellen over actuele onderwerpen) Recht van enquête - officially investigate into policies of cabinet (recht op onderzoek) The 2e kamer has those rights plus: Recht van initiatief - put forward a bill (een wetsvoorstel doen) Recht van amendement - amend (improve) a bill or budget (een wetsvoorstel veranderen, amend = woorden in een tekst veranderen) The 1e kamer has to doublecheck the work of the 2e kamer. They only consider bills which have already been passed by the 2e kamer. When the 1e kamer rejects a bill it won’t become a law. The cabinet also prepares bills. From the cabinet it goes to the Raad van State (advisory body of monarch) when the cabinet has the advice the bill is sent to the monarch, who sents it to the 2e kamer, then it goes to the 1e kamer and then the king has to sign it after that the minister most directly involved and then signed by the minister of justice. So: BILL (cabinet à Raad van State (advice) à cabinet à monarch à) 2e kamer à 1e kamer à king (sign) à minister (sign) à minister of justice (sign) à LAW!!! Executive power!!!! (uitvoerende macht) Executive power is the power to carry out laws. It’s ‘done’ by the cabinet + monarch. The monarch is the head of the government. After elections he/she is automatically the new head again and appoints a formateur (in this cabinet it was Balkenende), he searches for new ministers. The monarch has the right to be consulted about the plans of the new government (so the plans are discussed with the monarch). The plans together form the ‘regeerakkoord’. The meetings of formateur-monarch and of the cabinet are secret. The prime minister represents the cabinet. All ministers are politically in charge of a ministry. Each of them are assisted by a State Secretary (staatssecretaris). On the 3rd Tuesday in September (Prinjesdag) the entire cabinet + parliament + monarch come together in The Hague. The monarch reads out the plans for next year (troonrede). The troonrede+regeerakkoord are together the foundation of the government’s policies. Achterkamertjes politiek: is unofficial discussing to get things over and done quicker without all official things. Judicial power!!!!! (rechterlijke macht) Judicial power is the power to decide what should happen to those who break laws. It’s ‘done’ by the judges in: Hoge raad
Gerechtshoven
Arrondissementsrechtbanken
Kantongerechten
Judges work lawfully, not according to the political agenda’s of politicians. They operate independently form the government and parliament. You have three different administrations of justice: administration of criminal justice (e.g. murder) administration of civil law (e.g. tenants who haven’t paid the rent) administration of administrative law (people against government) Power of the civil service 4th power
Civil servants (ambtenaren) have much power because they can influence politics but aren’t involved in it formally. They work at a ministry to do ‘their’ minister’s work. Because it’s so much and so detailed they can just interprete something on their own way, influence it with their opinions and they can’t be punished for anything. The head of the civil service of a ministry is the secretaris-generaal. He leads the administration of a ministry. He only carries out what ‘his’ minister decides. A minister often has to rely on the experience of his civil servants because they (can) work at the ministry all their lives and the minister’s probably for the first time minister and leaves again after the elections. Power of advisory bodies 5th power
Advisory bodies are also influencing politics without being involved formally. They advise ‘his’ minister. The minister doesn’t have to listen but the advisory bodies are all experts on that their parts so it’s good for the minister.
a cabinet should be supported by a majority of the Tweede Kamer. (like now the CDA, VVD and D66) so that it’s a ‘parlementair kabinet’ instead of a ‘koninklijk kabinet’. A cabinet should ask for its dismissal to the king, when it’s in conflict with the parliament. ---- so the liberals wanted freedom, in 1848 Nl became a constitutional parliamentary monarchy, the ministers were responsible and accountable to parliament. There came a cabinet (all ministers representing their parties in 2e kamer)---- 1919, the Netherlands changed from a constitutional monarchy with fully developed parliamentary system, to a parliamentary democracy. The constitution changed so every Dutch citizen 21+ could vote. (algemeen kiesrecht - universal suffrage). By the end of the 19th century the 3 most important groups in the 2e kamer were Liberals (like D66), Socialists (like SP) and Christian (like CDA) parties. The French philosopher Montesquieu wrote in his book in 1748 about the separation of powers. He wrote about the legislative, executive and judicial powers. According to Montesquieu, the legislature, executive, and judiciary should not be under control of one person, or a small group of people. If this is the case, a country is a dictatorship. His idea of the separation of these powers (‘trias politica’) is the foundation of all modern western democracies. Also the Dutch political system is based on this idea. Legislative power!!! (wetgevende macht) The legislative power is the power to make laws. It’s ‘done’ by the 1e and 2e kamer. The 1e kamer has four rights. The 2e kamer has those 4 + 2. The 1e kamer has: Begrotingsrecht - reject or accept budget proposals (recht om budget voorstellen aantenemen of niet) Recht van interpellatie - ask questions to cabinet on non-current issues (vragen stellen over niet-actuele onderwerpen) Vraagrecht - ask questions to cabinet on current issues (vragen stellen over actuele onderwerpen) Recht van enquête - officially investigate into policies of cabinet (recht op onderzoek) The 2e kamer has those rights plus: Recht van initiatief - put forward a bill (een wetsvoorstel doen) Recht van amendement - amend (improve) a bill or budget (een wetsvoorstel veranderen, amend = woorden in een tekst veranderen) The 1e kamer has to doublecheck the work of the 2e kamer. They only consider bills which have already been passed by the 2e kamer. When the 1e kamer rejects a bill it won’t become a law. The cabinet also prepares bills. From the cabinet it goes to the Raad van State (advisory body of monarch) when the cabinet has the advice the bill is sent to the monarch, who sents it to the 2e kamer, then it goes to the 1e kamer and then the king has to sign it after that the minister most directly involved and then signed by the minister of justice. So: BILL (cabinet à Raad van State (advice) à cabinet à monarch à) 2e kamer à 1e kamer à king (sign) à minister (sign) à minister of justice (sign) à LAW!!! Executive power!!!! (uitvoerende macht) Executive power is the power to carry out laws. It’s ‘done’ by the cabinet + monarch. The monarch is the head of the government. After elections he/she is automatically the new head again and appoints a formateur (in this cabinet it was Balkenende), he searches for new ministers. The monarch has the right to be consulted about the plans of the new government (so the plans are discussed with the monarch). The plans together form the ‘regeerakkoord’. The meetings of formateur-monarch and of the cabinet are secret. The prime minister represents the cabinet. All ministers are politically in charge of a ministry. Each of them are assisted by a State Secretary (staatssecretaris). On the 3rd Tuesday in September (Prinjesdag) the entire cabinet + parliament + monarch come together in The Hague. The monarch reads out the plans for next year (troonrede). The troonrede+regeerakkoord are together the foundation of the government’s policies. Achterkamertjes politiek: is unofficial discussing to get things over and done quicker without all official things. Judicial power!!!!! (rechterlijke macht) Judicial power is the power to decide what should happen to those who break laws. It’s ‘done’ by the judges in: Hoge raad
Arrondissementsrechtbanken
Kantongerechten
Judges work lawfully, not according to the political agenda’s of politicians. They operate independently form the government and parliament. You have three different administrations of justice: administration of criminal justice (e.g. murder) administration of civil law (e.g. tenants who haven’t paid the rent) administration of administrative law (people against government) Power of the civil service 4th power
Civil servants (ambtenaren) have much power because they can influence politics but aren’t involved in it formally. They work at a ministry to do ‘their’ minister’s work. Because it’s so much and so detailed they can just interprete something on their own way, influence it with their opinions and they can’t be punished for anything. The head of the civil service of a ministry is the secretaris-generaal. He leads the administration of a ministry. He only carries out what ‘his’ minister decides. A minister often has to rely on the experience of his civil servants because they (can) work at the ministry all their lives and the minister’s probably for the first time minister and leaves again after the elections. Power of advisory bodies 5th power
Advisory bodies are also influencing politics without being involved formally. They advise ‘his’ minister. The minister doesn’t have to listen but the advisory bodies are all experts on that their parts so it’s good for the minister.
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