Summary chapter 1
King Philip:
-was the most powerful man in the 16th century
-He ruled Spain, colonies in Asia and America and parts in Europe (also the Netherlands)
-He believed God had chosen him to protect the Catholic Church (he was very religious)
-His armies were always on the march and he was always short of money
-Thought that he could find the money he needed in the Netherlands, but that was not easy, because the Netherlands were divided into 17 different provinces, each a small country itself.
-Philip was the official ruler, but each province had their own rights and laws. (This is called a personal union: a union of different, self-governing states, headed by one ruler)
-If Philip needed money, he had to wait long for this so he wanted centralisation. The leaders of the provinces were against this. They were afraid of losing their freedom and tired of paying high taxes. Willem van Oranje became leader of these dissidents and lead them against Spain.
-Philip faced other problems: Protestantism.
The Dutch Revolt:
-Around Antwerp and Ghent(the largest and richest cities of the Netherlands) the fighting started between the Dutch and the Spanish. During this time hundreds of churches were plundered (De beeldenstorm). Philip sent a Spanish army under the command of duke Alva and this was the beginning of the Dutch Revolt.
-The revolt spread from south to north and in 1609, after 40 years of fighting, there was a truce for 12 years. The 10 provinces in the south remained Spanish, but in 1588 the 10 others declared themselves independent. They named themselves the Dutch Republic and allowed each province their own rights and laws.
-17 provinces:
10 stick to Philip -> Unie van Atrecht
-7 become independent -> Unie van Utrecht
Who was in charge of the Dutch Republic?:
-The Regents/The grand Pensionary:
Most of them were merchants who had become rich in shipping and trading.
-The house of Oranje:
Under the lead of Willem v. Oranje. They had 7 “stadhouders”, each were member of prominent families. They had to command the army.
-The Staten-Generaal in The Hague:
The Regents of all 7 provinces.
-In order for a decision to be made the regents would have to make unanimous decision, Which was difficult. The problem was Holland, who provided more than half of the money in the Republic. Because of this, The Grand Pensionary wanted more influence in the Staten-Generaal. As a result leadership swung back and forth between the Grand Pensionary and the Regents of Holland on one hand and the Prince of Oranje and his supporters in the other six provinces on the other.
A very small and poor country?:
A Frenchman wrote, after visiting the northern provinces in 1952: A very small and poor country, with many dunes, marshes and lakes, divided by many rivers and canals. The land is only fit for pasture and this is their only wealth. The wheat they grow is not enough to feed a tenth of the population. This is why many people in the country maintain themselves by handicrafts and trades.
Before the revolt, the wealth of the Netherlands was concentrated in the south. The Dutch Republic had not much to offer. The size of the population was small, The ship building was important, but depended on the import of Scandinavian timber. To make bread for all, Dutch ships had to bring in wheat from Poland. Amsterdam, the largest city in the North, was much smaller than Antwerp and Ghent. The Republic had still fishing, milk, cheese and butter(to export to England, France and Spain and crops like Linen and Hop which were sold to tradesman for the fabrication of clothes and beer.
Summary chapter 2
Golden Age -> capitalists [kapitalisten] were in charge, because they were rich. Amsterdam good example.
No good schools -> bad punishments, no-educated and unfair teachers.
Children -> nothing at home [not important at home].
Countryside -> rich because they could sell their products for a high price to the people from the cities [they needed those products and had the money].
Poor countryside -> not near to a big city, they didn’t sell anything.
Envy and Wonder
1650 -> Dutch Republic was in the middle of the Golden Age.
Europe was envy [jaloezie] and wonder.
Envy -> wealth [rijkdom] and strength [macht] of its economy.
Wonder -> political organisation, religious freedom and flourishing [welvarend] of the arts.
Dutch -> trading empire all over the world.
Imported raw materials -> made to finished products in the Netherlands -> exported to sell it for a much higher price.
East- and West Indies Company
1602 -> VOC [Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie -> United East Indies Company]
All Dutch traders went together to Asia.
1619 -> city of Batavia was founded [Jakarta] -> centre of Dutch trade in Asia
1621 -> WIC [Verenigde West-Indische Compagnie -> United West Indies Company]
All Dutch traders went together to America.
They founded Brazil, Guyana [Surinam], the Caribbean Islands, North America.
Less successful than the VOC.
The VOC en WIC were given the monopoly of the East and West. All Dutch traders worked together, so there was no Dutch competition.
VOC WIC
East -> Asia West -> America
Coffee, Chinese tea, textile, spices etc. Sugar, tobacco, silver, slaves etc.
Successful Less Successful
Bigger Area Smaller Area
Batavia New Amsterdam
Capetown [Kaapstad] Mauritsstad
No slaves Slaves
1602 1621
Amsterdam: spider in a web
1650 -> trade routes of all continents came together in the Dutch Republic
Amsterdam -> centre of trade over the world [spider in a web]
Amsterdam -> depended on cities near itself
All those cities had their own specialties, and they all brought it to Amsterdam [spider in web]
Rembrandt and all that
Dutch -> went their own way [art]
Other countries -> art depended on taste of kings, nobles and the church
Dutch painters -> bible stories, landscapes, views of Dutch towns, ships and the sea, portraits, still lives, flower pieces, scenes from home and daily life..
Many painters -> prices went down
Few painters -> rich and famous
Amsterdam -> centre of a thriving market in art [centre of country were each town had its own painters]
Summary chapter 3
In the seventeenth century, the number of people in the republic increased from one million in 1600 to two million by the end of the century. This was a result of immigration. - Most important group came from the Spanish Netherlands, the second group came from Portugal and Spain, the Jews. A third group were the Huguenots, French protestants. Finally, the 4th group, unskilled men and women from Germany, Scandinavia and other countries.
Bank of Amsterdam:
Currencies in the 17th century were a great chaos, all the currencies were not trustable. There could be more or less silver or gold in than normal, and a city could mint as many as it needed. Without anything stopping them. The only continental trustworthy coin/currency was the florin, from the dutch bank. A lot of people came to the bank to store money - which resulted in cheap borrowing. Because we were so famous, people from all over the world accepted our florins.
Technology and science
Windmill - Lot of work was made easier.
In 1600 a method was developed for pumping water away. This made more land available. The Dutch people took the lead in the production of maps to make navigation safer. Dutch mapmakers left a mark on the map of the world, like Booklyn (Breukelen) and New Zealand (zeeland).
Who’s right?
Causes for the golden age were: Economy, Politics, Religions, Efficiency, Knowledge.
King Philip:
-was the most powerful man in the 16th century
-He ruled Spain, colonies in Asia and America and parts in Europe (also the Netherlands)
-He believed God had chosen him to protect the Catholic Church (he was very religious)
-His armies were always on the march and he was always short of money
-Thought that he could find the money he needed in the Netherlands, but that was not easy, because the Netherlands were divided into 17 different provinces, each a small country itself.
-Philip was the official ruler, but each province had their own rights and laws. (This is called a personal union: a union of different, self-governing states, headed by one ruler)
-Philip faced other problems: Protestantism.
The Dutch Revolt:
-Around Antwerp and Ghent(the largest and richest cities of the Netherlands) the fighting started between the Dutch and the Spanish. During this time hundreds of churches were plundered (De beeldenstorm). Philip sent a Spanish army under the command of duke Alva and this was the beginning of the Dutch Revolt.
-The revolt spread from south to north and in 1609, after 40 years of fighting, there was a truce for 12 years. The 10 provinces in the south remained Spanish, but in 1588 the 10 others declared themselves independent. They named themselves the Dutch Republic and allowed each province their own rights and laws.
-17 provinces:
10 stick to Philip -> Unie van Atrecht
-7 become independent -> Unie van Utrecht
Who was in charge of the Dutch Republic?:
-The Regents/The grand Pensionary:
Most of them were merchants who had become rich in shipping and trading.
-The house of Oranje:
Under the lead of Willem v. Oranje. They had 7 “stadhouders”, each were member of prominent families. They had to command the army.
-The Staten-Generaal in The Hague:
The Regents of all 7 provinces.
-In order for a decision to be made the regents would have to make unanimous decision, Which was difficult. The problem was Holland, who provided more than half of the money in the Republic. Because of this, The Grand Pensionary wanted more influence in the Staten-Generaal. As a result leadership swung back and forth between the Grand Pensionary and the Regents of Holland on one hand and the Prince of Oranje and his supporters in the other six provinces on the other.
A Frenchman wrote, after visiting the northern provinces in 1952: A very small and poor country, with many dunes, marshes and lakes, divided by many rivers and canals. The land is only fit for pasture and this is their only wealth. The wheat they grow is not enough to feed a tenth of the population. This is why many people in the country maintain themselves by handicrafts and trades.
Before the revolt, the wealth of the Netherlands was concentrated in the south. The Dutch Republic had not much to offer. The size of the population was small, The ship building was important, but depended on the import of Scandinavian timber. To make bread for all, Dutch ships had to bring in wheat from Poland. Amsterdam, the largest city in the North, was much smaller than Antwerp and Ghent. The Republic had still fishing, milk, cheese and butter(to export to England, France and Spain and crops like Linen and Hop which were sold to tradesman for the fabrication of clothes and beer.
Summary chapter 2
Golden Age -> capitalists [kapitalisten] were in charge, because they were rich. Amsterdam good example.
No good schools -> bad punishments, no-educated and unfair teachers.
Children -> nothing at home [not important at home].
Countryside -> rich because they could sell their products for a high price to the people from the cities [they needed those products and had the money].
Poor countryside -> not near to a big city, they didn’t sell anything.
Envy and Wonder
1650 -> Dutch Republic was in the middle of the Golden Age.
Europe was envy [jaloezie] and wonder.
Envy -> wealth [rijkdom] and strength [macht] of its economy.
Wonder -> political organisation, religious freedom and flourishing [welvarend] of the arts.
Dutch -> trading empire all over the world.
East- and West Indies Company
1602 -> VOC [Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie -> United East Indies Company]
All Dutch traders went together to Asia.
1619 -> city of Batavia was founded [Jakarta] -> centre of Dutch trade in Asia
1621 -> WIC [Verenigde West-Indische Compagnie -> United West Indies Company]
All Dutch traders went together to America.
They founded Brazil, Guyana [Surinam], the Caribbean Islands, North America.
Less successful than the VOC.
The VOC en WIC were given the monopoly of the East and West. All Dutch traders worked together, so there was no Dutch competition.
VOC WIC
East -> Asia West -> America
Coffee, Chinese tea, textile, spices etc. Sugar, tobacco, silver, slaves etc.
Successful Less Successful
Bigger Area Smaller Area
Batavia New Amsterdam
Capetown [Kaapstad] Mauritsstad
1602 1621
Amsterdam: spider in a web
1650 -> trade routes of all continents came together in the Dutch Republic
Amsterdam -> centre of trade over the world [spider in a web]
Amsterdam -> depended on cities near itself
All those cities had their own specialties, and they all brought it to Amsterdam [spider in web]
Rembrandt and all that
Dutch -> went their own way [art]
Other countries -> art depended on taste of kings, nobles and the church
Dutch painters -> bible stories, landscapes, views of Dutch towns, ships and the sea, portraits, still lives, flower pieces, scenes from home and daily life..
Many painters -> prices went down
Few painters -> rich and famous
Amsterdam -> centre of a thriving market in art [centre of country were each town had its own painters]
Summary chapter 3
In the seventeenth century, the number of people in the republic increased from one million in 1600 to two million by the end of the century. This was a result of immigration. - Most important group came from the Spanish Netherlands, the second group came from Portugal and Spain, the Jews. A third group were the Huguenots, French protestants. Finally, the 4th group, unskilled men and women from Germany, Scandinavia and other countries.
Currencies in the 17th century were a great chaos, all the currencies were not trustable. There could be more or less silver or gold in than normal, and a city could mint as many as it needed. Without anything stopping them. The only continental trustworthy coin/currency was the florin, from the dutch bank. A lot of people came to the bank to store money - which resulted in cheap borrowing. Because we were so famous, people from all over the world accepted our florins.
Technology and science
Windmill - Lot of work was made easier.
In 1600 a method was developed for pumping water away. This made more land available. The Dutch people took the lead in the production of maps to make navigation safer. Dutch mapmakers left a mark on the map of the world, like Booklyn (Breukelen) and New Zealand (zeeland).
Who’s right?
Causes for the golden age were: Economy, Politics, Religions, Efficiency, Knowledge.
REACTIES
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